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Task for seminar 9
Answer the following questions with your own words
What is the classification of parts of speech in English, Uzbek and Russian?
There are eight parts of speech in the English language: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. The part of speech indicates how the word functions in meaning as well as grammatically within the sentence. An individual word can function as more than one part of speech when used in different circumstances.
According to these main three characteristics, parts of speech in Russian are
subdivided into primary, secondary parts of speech and interjections. There are 6 main parts of speech in Russian: an adverb, an adjective, a verb, a noun, and a pronoun, a numeral. In Russian a noun, a pronoun, an adjective, and a verb decline. An adverb, a conjunction, an interjection, and a preposition stay the same. That is why it is important to distinguish them.
According to these main three characteristics, parts of speech in Russian are
subdivided into primary, secondary parts of speech and interjections.
Primary parts of speech are:
1. Noun
2. Adjective
3. Numeral
4. Pronoun
5. Verb
6. Adverb.
Secondary (bound) parts of speech are:
1. Preposition
2. Conjunction
3. Particle
Interjections are:
1. Interjections
2. imitative words.
Classification of parts of speech in Uzbek is almost the same as in Russian.
It also classified according to three main features of words such as semantic, morphological and syntactic characteristics.
Currently, in modern Uzbek, there are 12 parts of speech and they are
subdivided into primary, secondary and interjections.
Primary parts of speech are:
1. Noun
2. Adjective
3. Numeral
4. Pronoun
5. Verb
6. Adverb.
Secondary (bound) parts of speech are:
1. Postposition
2. Conjunction
3. Particle
Interjections are:
1. Modal words
2. Interjection
3. Onomatopoeia (Imitative words).
What are the criteria of classification of parts of speech in compared languages?
The words of the language, depending on various formal and semantic features, are divided into grammatically relevant sets of classes. Parts of speech are lexico-grammatical categories of words. The term was introduced in ancient Greece, where there was no strict differentiation between the word as a vocabulary unit and the word as a functional element of the sentence.
In modern linguistics, parts of speech are discriminated on the basis of the three criteria: semantic, formal, and functional. The semantic criterion is based on evaluation of the generalized meaning, categorial meaning of the part of speech (noun-things). Words are corelated with classes of reality. The formal criterion is based on the specific word-building features (-ness, -tion – nouns) and paradigmatic sets (-s, ‘s – nouns). The functional criterion concerns the syntactic role of words in the sentence typical of a part of speech or methods of combining with other words in the phrase. For example, verb combines with a noun (write a letter), with an adverb (write quickly) and in the sentence functions as a predicate. The said three factors of categorial characterization of words are referred to as, respectively, meaning, form, and function.
What are the criteria for classification of notional and structural parts of speech in English?
According to their meaning, morphological characteristics and syntactical
functions, words fall under certain classes called parts of speech. We distinguish
between notional and structural parts of speech in English.
The notional parts of speech perform certain functions in the sentence. The
notional parts of speech are:
1. noun
2. adjective
3. pronoun
4. numeral
5. verb
6. adverb
7. words of the category of state
8. modal words
9. interjection
The structural parts of speech either express relations between words or
sentences or emphasize the meaning of words or sentences. They never perform
any independent function in the sentence. Here belong:
1. preposition
2. conjunction
3. particle
4. article
4. What are the criteria for classification of primary and secondary parts of speech in English?
Main characteristics of primary parts of speech are they have lexical and
grammatical meaning and can be expressed as any part of the sentence. While secondary parts of speech do not have such features like expressing lexical meaning, they do not have morphological changing and forming system and cannot express as a part of a sentence. They serve for connecting the sentences, expressing additional meaning for them, depending on words to each. Modal words, exclamations, and imitative words are unlike primary and secondary parts of speech in their functions.
5. What are some differences and similarities in parts of speech of compared languages?
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