Central Asiatic Territories Breakdown of Khanates, Their causes and Consequences

Central Asiatic Territories Breakdown of Khanates, Their causes and Consequences.

At the beginning of the 16th century, the Bukhara khanate was attacked by the ruler of the nomadic Uzbek state, Muhammad Shahbakht Shaibani, from the Dashti Kipchak side to the weakening Timurid kingdom. He conquered Samarkand, Bukhara, khurasan and Movarounnahr and main part of Afganistan. There was no peace in Movarounnahr during the Shaybanid period, which lasted for 100 years, and destructive wars and civil strife continued.

At a time when the disintegration and unification of the country were urgent, Sultan Abdullah came to the fore, supported by the Juybar sheikhs, who held a high position. He did the capital of the country Bukhara and for this reason, the state itself became known as the Bukhara Khanate. Abdullah II fought a long war against political disintegration, conquering Fergana in 1573, Shahrisabz, Karshi, Gissar in 1574, and 1578.Taking advantage of the weakening of the Bukhara state, the Emirate of Bukhara invaded the Bukhara Khanate in the 30s and 40s of the 17th century. After Abdullakhan’s death, Abdulmumin, then Ashtarxaniy Baki Mohammad came to throne. But the country was in the way of decreasing. During, Nodirshah signed a treaty with his father-in-law Muhammad Hakimbi, a descendant of Mangit, who had a great position in the Bukhara khanate, and he was recognized as the supreme ruler of the Bukhara khanate. Abulfayzkhan was effectively removed from power, and Hakimbiy was appointed full-fledged governor of Bukhara. In 1743 Hakimbi entered the service of his son Muhammad Rahim Nadirshah. After the death of Nadirshah in 1747, Muhammad Rahim began to seize power.Muhammad Rahim ascended the throne in 1756, proclaimed himself the Emir of Bukhara, and ruled independently, establishing the Mangit dynasty. From then on, the Bukhara Khanate became known as the Bukhara Emirate. Power in the emirate remained in the hands of the Mangit dynasty until 1920.

The Kokand Khanate. The internal struggles in the Bukhara Khanate split in two in the early 18th century due to the weakening of the central government. As a result of the weakening of the Ashtarkhanid rule, the Dzungar state, which was formed to the north of the Fergana Valley, became frequently invaded and plundered. This situation strengthened the desire of Fergana to unite internal forces and create an independent state. The position of the community of clergy (religious leaders) living in the village of Chodak near Chust became stronger in Fergana as early as the beginning of the 18th century, when in 1709 they declared their property independent and sought to seize power in the valley. However, their authority was not recognized by other tribes. A group of military nobles revolted in Rishtan and killed Khoja Ashirkul, the governor of Fergana. In 1710, one of the Uzbek tribes living around Kokand, thousands, raised their leader Shah Rukhbi to power. Thus, the Kokand khanate was formed, and Ubaydullah Khan, the khan of Bukhara, who was mired in internal struggles, could not resist the secession of his territory and the creation of a separate state. The dynasties of the thousand tribes ruled in the Kokand khanate until 1876.

The Khiva Khanate Khorezm was part of the state headed by the Timurid Sultan Hussein Boykaro in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. In 1505, Muhammad Shaibanikhan's army occupied Khorezm and Kepakbiy from the bell tribe was appointed governor of Khorezm. After the death of Muhammad Shaibanikhan in the battle with the king of Iran Ismail, Khorezm was conquered by Ismail Shah. After Ismail Shah annexed Khorezm, Vazir appointed 3 governors to govern the cities of Urgench and Khiva.

The reign of Ismail Shah in Khorezm did not last long. In Khorezm a movement against the rule of Ismail Shah began. The movement was led by Wazir City Judge Umar Qari and Sayyid Hisamiddin. They appealed to Elbarshon, the son of Sultan Berka, a descendant of Shayban, and offered to become khan. Elbarskhan came with an army in 1511 and cleared Vazir, Urgench, Khiva, Khazarasp from Ismail Shah's army, and Elbarskhan's government was established in Khorezm. Thus, in 1511, an independent Khiva khanate was formed, and Elbarskhan became its first khan. The reign of the Shaybanid dynasty in Khiva lasted until 1770. The capital of the Khiva khanate was Urgench

Thus, the people, who for centuries lived in a single territory, a single economic and cultural space, the country was divided into three parts. Three states - Bukhara Emirate, Khiva and Kokand khanates were formed.