Conclusion the list of used literature internet resources

CONCLUSION

Concluding our course paper we can make some conclusions as:

Consonants are produced by pushing air up from the lungs and out through the mouth and/or nose. Airflow is disrupted by obstructions made by various combinations of vocal articulator movements, so that audible friction is produced.
They are described in terms of (1) voicing, (2) place of articulation and (3) manner of articulation.
The first thing that Voicing refers to the presence or absence of vocal vibration during speech sound production. In a voiced sound, there is vocal fold vibration and an audible 'buzzing' sound. In an unvoiced sound, there is no vocal fold vibration.
Compare the first consonant in thimble (represented by /θ/ with the first sound in this (represented by /ð/). Again, try placing your finger and thumb on your throat whilst producing the sound. In thimble the consonant /θ/ is unvoiced because there is an absence of vocal fold vibration. In this, the consonant /ð/ is voiced because there is a presence of vocal fold vibration.
The most frequent modification of consonants in fast colloquial speech is assimilation, both complete and incomplete.
- alveolar stops [t], [d] and in some cases [n] are modified under the influence of the following velar or labial consonant, e.g.
that place [‘thæp’pleis]
good morning [gʋg’mɔ:niɳ].
What has he done; always, alright; next day; mashed potatoes, second term; and the reason for this.
In fast colloquial speech reduction may also result in vowel elision, the complete loss of the unstressed vowel within one word or at word boundaries:
History [histri], phonetics [fnetiks], correct [krekt], get another, come along, after all.
Stylistic oppositions are usually observed in the two large marginal types of pronunciation - formal and informal. Formal speech suggests unemotional information on the part of the speaker. It is characterised by careful articulation and relatively slow speed. Informal speech implies everyday conversation; it is relaxed and rather rapid and is characterized by the use of simplified sound forms. The character of sound modifications in relation to situational factors of speech communication is only beginning to be the object of thorough instrumental analysis.
One of the most important factors that results in the increased number of sound modifications is the character of relationship between the speaker and the listener and the degree of formality in their discourse. The other extra linguistic factors that determine the degree of sound modifications are the degree of preparedness, the form of communication (a monologue or a dialogue), the number of participants, etc. Native speakers usually don’t have any difficulties in understanding rapid casual speech though sounds simplifications are not registered in the listener’s mind and he/she is not usually aware of the changes since they do not affect the meaning.