Site
Domain Name
Similarweb
top 50
websites ranking
(As of December 1,
2021)
[1]
Category
Principal
country/territory
Google
Search
google.com
1 ( )
Computers Electronics and
Technology > Search Engines
United States
YouTube
youtube.com
2 ( )
Arts and Entertainment > TV
Movies and Streaming
United States
Facebook
facebook.com
3 ( )
Computers Electronics and
Technology > Social
Networks and Online
Communities
United States
Twitter
twitter.com
4 ( )
Computers Electronics and
Technology > Social
Networks and Online
Communities
United States
Site
Domain Name
Similarweb
top 50
websites ranking
(As of December 1,
2021)
[1]
Category
Principal
country/territory
Instagram
Instagram.com
5 ( )
Computers Electronics and
Technology > Social
Networks and Online
Communities
United States
Baidu
baidu.com
6 ( )
Computers Electronics and
Technology > Search Engines
China
Wikipedia
wikipedia.org
7 ( )
Reference Materials >
Dictionaries and
Encyclopedias
United States
Yandex
yandex.ru
8 ( )
Computers Electronics and
Technology > Search Engines
Russia
Yahoo
yahoo.com
9 ( )
News and Media
United States
xVideos
xvideos.com
10 ( )
Adult
France
Whatsapp
whatsapp.com
11 ( 1)
Computers Electronics and
Technology > Social
Networks and Online
Communities
United States
Amazon
amazon.com
12 ( )
E commerce and Shopping >
Marketplace
United States
Netflix
netflix.com
13 ( )
Arts and Entertainment > TV
Movies and Streaming
United States
Xnxx
xnxx.com
14 ( )
Adult
France
Live
[
disambiguation
needed
]
live.com
15 ( 1)
Computers Electronics and
Technology > Email
United States
Yahoo JP
yahoo.co.jp
16 ( )
News and Media
Japan
Site
Domain Name
Similarweb
top 50
websites ranking
(As of December 1,
2021)
[1]
Category
Principal
country/territory
Pornhub
pornhub.com
17 ( 1)
Adult
Canada
Reddit
reddit.com
18 ( 1)
Computers Electronics and
Technology > Social
Networks and Online
Communities
United States
TikTok
tiktok.com
19 ( )
Computers Electronics and
Technology > Social
Networks and Online
Communities
China
VK
vk.com
20 ( )
Computers Electronics and
Technology > Social
Networks and Online
Communities
Russia
Office
office.com
21 ( 4)
Computers Electronics and
Technology > Programming
and Developer Software
United States
Discord
discord.com
22 ( 2)
Computers Electronics and
Technology > Social
Networks and Online
Communities
United States
xHamster
xhamster.com
23 ( )
Adult
Cyprus
Zoom
zoom.us
24 ( 3)
Computers Electronics and
Technology > Computers
Electronics and Technology
United States
LinkedIn
linkedin.com
25 ( )
Computers Electronics and
Technology > Social
Networks and Online
Communities
United States
Naver
naver.com
26 ( 2)
News and Media
South Korea
Site
Domain Name
Similarweb
top 50
websites ranking
(As of December 1,
2021)
[1]
Category
Principal
country/territory
Twitch
twitch.tv
27 ( 2)
Games > Video Games
Consoles and Accessories
United States
Bing
bing.com
28 ( 2)
Computers Electronics and
Technology > Search Engines
United States
Roblox
roblox.com
29 ( 5)
Games > Video Games
Consoles and Accessories
United States
Mail.Ru
mail.ru
30 ( 1)
Computers Electronics and
Technology > Email
Russia
DuckDuckGo
duckduckgo.com
31 ( )
Computers Electronics and
Technology > Search Engines
United States
QQ
qq.com
32 ( 5)
News and Media
China
Pinterest
pinterest.com
33 ( 2)
Computers Electronics and
Technology > Social
Networks and Online
Communities
United States
Bilibili
bilibili.com
34 ( 2)
Arts and Entertainment >
Animation and Comics
China
Microsoft
microsoft.com
35 ( 4)
Computers Electronics and
Technology > Programming
and Developer Software
United States
MSN
msn.com
36 ( 2)
News and Media
United States
Yahoo News
news.yahoo.co.jp
37 ( 2)
News and Media
United States
Fandom
fandom.com
38 ( 6)
Arts and Entertainment >
Arts and Entertainment
United States
Site
Domain Name
Similarweb
top 50
websites ranking
(As of December 1,
2021)
[1]
Category
Principal
country/territory
Microsoft
Online
microsoftonline.com 39 ( 6)
Computers Electronics and
Technology > Programming
and Developer Software
United States
eBay
ebay.com
40 ( 2)
E commerce and Shopping >
Marketplace
United States
Samsung
samsung.com
41 ( 5)
Computers Electronics and
Technology > Consumer
Electronics
South Korea
Google BR
google.com.br
42 ( 1)
Computers Electronics and
Technology > Search Engines
Brazil
Globo
globo.com
43 ( 7)
News and Media
Brazil
Accuweather
accuweather.com
44 ( 8)
Science and Education >
Weather
United States
RealSRV
realsrv.com
45 ( 6)
Adult
United States
OK.ru
ok.ru
46 ( )
Computers Electronics and
Technology > Social
Networks and Online
Communities
Russia
Docomo
docomo.ne.jp
47 ( 3)
Computers Electronics and
Technology >
Telecommunications
Japan
Weather
weather.com
48 ( 16)
Science and Education >
Weather
United States
BBC
bbc.co.uk
49 ( 5)
News and Media
United Kingdom
Amazon
amazon.co.jp
50 ( 2)
E commerce and Shopping >
Japan
Site
Domain Name
Similarweb
top 50
websites ranking
(As of December 1,
2021)
[1]
Category
Principal
country/territory
Japan
Marketplace
References
2HOME TASKS. Write an entry for the blog you
have described in C (80-100 words). Introduce
the blog to the world and talk about why you
have started it.
C (programming language)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
"C programming language" redirects here. For the book, see
The C Programming Language
.
Not to be confused with
C++
.
C
The C Programming Language
[1]
(often referred to as
K&R
), the seminal book on C
Paradigm
Multi-paradigm
:
imperative
(
procedural
),
structured
Designed by
Dennis Ritchie
Developer
Dennis Ritchie
&
Bell Labs
(creators); ANSI X3J11 (
ANSI C
); ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG14 (ISO C)
First appeared
1972; 50 years ago
[2]
Stable release
C17
/ June 2018; 3 years ago
Preview release
C2x
(
N2731
) / October 18, 2021; 3 months ago
[3]
Typing discipline
Static
,
weak
,
manifest
,
nominal
OS
Cross-platform
Filename extensions
.c, .h
Website
www.iso.org/standard/74528.html
www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/
Major
implementations
K&R C
,
GCC
,
Clang
,
Intel C
,
C++Builder
,
Microsoft Visual C++
,
Watcom C
Dialects
Cyclone
,
Unified Parallel C
,
Split-C
,
Cilk
,
C*
Influenced by
B
(
BCPL
,
CPL
),
ALGOL 68
,
[4]
assembly
,
PL/I
,
FORTRAN
Influenced
Numerous
:
AMPL
,
AWK
,
csh
,
C++
,
C--
,
C#
,
Objective-
C
,
D
,
Go
,
Java
,
JavaScript
,
JS++
,
Julia
,
Limbo
,
LPC
,
Perl
,
PHP
,
Pike
,
Processing
,
Python
,
Rust
,
Seed7
,
Vala
,
Verilog
(HDL),
[5]
Nim
,
Zig
C Programming
at Wikibooks
C
(
/ˈsiː/
, as in the
letter
c
) is a
general-purpose
,
procedural
computer
programming
language
supporting
structured programming
,
lexical variable scope
, and
recursion
, with
a
static type system
. By design, C provides constructs that map efficiently to
typical
machine instructions
. It has found lasting use in applications previously coded
in
assembly language
. Such applications include
operating systems
and
various
application software
for computer architectures that range
from
supercomputers
to
PLCs
and
embedded systems
.
A successor to the programming language
B
, C was originally developed at
Bell
Labs
by
Dennis Ritchie
between 1972 and 1973 to construct utilities running on
Unix
. It
was applied to re-implementing the kernel of the Unix operating system.
[6]
During the
1980s, C gradually gained popularity. It has become one of the
most widely used
programming languages
,
[7][8]
with C
compilers
from various vendors available for the
majority of existing
computer architectures
and operating systems. C has been
standardized by
ANSI
since 1989 (
ANSI C
) and by the
International Organization for
Standardization
(ISO).
C is an
imperative
procedural
language. It was designed to be
compiled
to provide
low-
level
access to
memory
and language constructs that map efficiently to
machine
instructions
, all with minimal
runtime support
. Despite its low-level capabilities, the
language was designed to encourage cross-platform programming. A
standards
-
compliant C program written with
portability
in mind can be compiled for a wide variety
of computer platforms and operating systems with few changes to its source code.
[9]
Since 2000, C has consistently ranked among the top two languages in the
TIOBE
index
, a measure of the popularity of programming languages.
[10]
Contents
1
Overview
o
1.1
Relations to other languages
2
History
o
2.1
Early developments
o
2.2
K&R C
o
2.3
ANSI C and ISO C
o
2.4
C99
o
2.5
C11
o
2.6
C17
o
2.7
C2x
o
2.8
Embedded C
3
Syntax
o
3.1
Character set
o
3.2
Reserved words
o
3.3
Operators
4
"Hello, world" example
5
Data types
o
5.1
Pointers
o
5.2
Arrays
o
5.3
Array
–pointer interchangeability
6
Memory management
7
Libraries
o
7.1
File handling and streams
8
Language tools
9
Uses
10
Related languages
11
See also
12
Notes
13
References
14
Sources
15
Further reading
16
External links
Overview
[
edit
]
Dennis Ritchie
(right), the inventor of the C programming language, with
Ken Thompson
Like most procedural languages in the
ALGOL
tradition, C has facilities for
structured
programming
and allows
lexical variable scope
and recursion. Its static
type
system
prevents unintended operations. In C, all
executable code
is contained
within
subroutines
(also called "functions", though not strictly in the sense of
functional
programming
).
Function parameters
are always passed by value (except
arrays
). Pass-
by-reference is simulated in C by explicitly passing
pointer
values. C program source
text is
free-format
, using the
semicolon
as a
statement
terminator and
curly braces
for
grouping
blocks of statements
.
The C language also exhibits the following characteristics:
The language has a small, fixed number of keywords, including a full set of
control
flow
primitives:
if/else
,
for
,
do/while
,
while
, and
switch
. User-defined names are
not distinguished from keywords by any kind of
sigil
.
It has a large number of arithmetic, bitwise, and logic operators:
+
,
+=
,
++
,
&
,
||
, etc.
More than one
assignment
may be performed in a single statement.
Functions:
o
Function return values can be ignored, when not needed.
o
Function and data pointers permit
ad hoc
run-time polymorphism
.
o
Functions may not be defined within the lexical scope of other functions.
Data typing is
static
, but
weakly enforced
; all data has a type, but
implicit conversions
are
possible.
Declaration
syntax
mimics usage context. C has no "define" keyword; instead, a statement
beginning with the name of a type is taken as a declaration. There is no "function" keyword;
instead, a function is indicated by the presence of a parenthesized argument list.
User-defined (
typedef
) and compound types are possible.
o
Heterogeneous aggregate data types (
struct
) allow related data elements to be
accessed and assigned as a unit.
o
Union
is a structure with overlapping members; only the last member stored is valid.
o
Array
indexing is a secondary notation, defined in terms of pointer arithmetic. Unlike
structs, arrays are not first-class objects: they cannot be assigned or compared using
single built-in operators. There is no "array" keyword in use or definition; instead, square
brackets indicate arrays syntactically, for example
month[11]
.
o
Enumerated types
are possible with the
enum
keyword. They are freely interconvertible
with integers.
o
Strings
are not a distinct data type, but are conventionally
implemented
as
null-
terminated
character arrays.
Low-level access to
computer memory
is possible by converting machine addresses to
typed
pointers
.
Procedures
(subroutines not returning values) are a special case of function, with an
untyped return type
void
.
A
preprocessor
performs
macro
definition,
source code
file inclusion, and
conditional
compilation
.
There is a basic form of
modularity
: files can be compiled separately and
linked
together,
with control over which functions and data objects are visible to other files
via
static
and
extern
attributes.
Complex functionality such as
I/O
,
string
manipulation, and mathematical functions are
consistently delegated to
library routines
.
While C does not include certain features found in other languages (such as
object
orientation
and
garbage collection
), these can be implemented or emulated, often
through the use of external libraries (e.g., the
GLib Object System
or the
Boehm
garbage collector
).
For example:
long
some_function
();
/* int */
other_function();
/* int */
calling_function()
{
long
test1;
register
/* int */
test2;
test1
=
some_function();
if
(test1
>
1
)
test2
=
0
;
else
test2
=
other_function();
return
test2;
}
3HOME TASK. Write 10 sentences with the help
of language box below.
1)
What should you do?
2)
What should we do?
3)
What would you play?
4)
What would they do?
5)
I should take a photo.
6)
We should play guitar.
7)
I’d play a football.
8)
They would do a homework.
9)
I shouldn’t take a photo.
10)
They wouldn’t do a homework.
4 HOME TASK.Write specifications for at least 3
equipment.
Keyboard, Mouse & Display Specifications
The User Interface (UI) provides the means for the user (operator) to interact with a printer, copier, or multi-functional
device. Architecturally, the UI is a client of services within the printer, copier, or multi-function device.
The user interface consists of the controls by which a user issues commands to a device or system, and the displays by
which the device or system informs the user of the current state, its functions, and its processes.
The UI will also provide a graphic display for messages, information, instructions, menus and machine diagram (mimic).
Keyboard Specifications
USB
Navigating the user interface using only the keyboard
The Xerox Nuvera user interface, in addition to being navigable with the USB mouse, can also be navigated through the
keyboard.
Some examples of why the user interface is keyboard-accessible:
Blind people cannot use a mouse because they cannot see where to click. They use their keyboard almost
exclusively.
Some individuals with neuromuscular impairments cannot use a mouse either.
For information on keyboard accessibility, see
Special Navigation / Activation Keyboard Shortcuts
.
Mouse Specifications
USB track ball or Optical mouse.
Display (Monitor) Specifications
Screen Resolution
1024 x 768
Colors
256,000
Screen Size
15 inches
Dot Pitch
.27
Refresh Rate
>50hz
5 HOME TASK. Find out more information
about Metasearch engines.
Metasearch engine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
Architecture of a metasearch engine
A
metasearch engine
(or
search aggregator
) is an online
information retrieval
tool that
uses the data of a
web search engine
to produce its own results.
[1][2]
Metasearch engines
take input from a user and immediately query search engines
[3]
for results.
Sufficient
data
is gathered, ranked, and presented to the users.
Problems such as
spamming
reduces the
accuracy and precision
of results.
[4]
The
process of fusion aims to improve the engineering of a metasearch engine.
[5]
Examples of metasearch engines include
Skyscanner
and
Kayak.com
, which aggregate
search results of online travel agencies and provider websites and
Excite
, which
aggregates results from internet search engines.
Contents
1
History
2
Advantages
3
Disadvantages
4
Operation
o
4.1
Architecture of ranking
o
4.2
Fusion
5
Spamdexing
o
5.1
Content spam
o
5.2
Link spam
o
5.3
Cloaking
6
See also
7
References
History
[
edit
]
The first person to incorporate the idea of meta searching was Daniel Dreilinger
of
Colorado State University
. He developed SearchSavvy, which let users search up to
20 different search engines and directories at once. Although fast, the search engine
was restricted to simple searches and thus wasn't reliable.
University of
Washington
student Eric Selberg released a more "updated" version
called
MetaCrawler
. This search engine improved on SearchSavvy's accuracy by
adding its own search syntax behind the scenes, and matching the syntax to that of the
search engines it was probing. Metacrawler reduced the amount of search engines
queried to 6, but although it produced more accurate results, it still wasn't considered as
accurate as searching a query in an individual engine.
[6]
On May 20, 1996,
HotBot
, then owned by
Wired
, was a search engine with search
results coming from the
Inktomi
and Direct Hit databases. It was known for its fast
results and as a search engine with the ability to search within search results. Upon
being bought by
Lycos
in 1998, development for the search engine staggered and its
market share fell drastically. After going through a few alterations, HotBot was
redesigned into a simplified search interface, with its features being incorporated into
Lycos' website redesign.
[7]
A metasearch engine called Anvish was developed by Bo Shu and
Subhash Kak
in
1999; the search results were sorted using
instantaneously trained neural
networks
.
[8]
This was later incorporated into another metasearch engine called
Solosearch.
[9]
In August 2000, India got its first meta search engine when HumHaiIndia.com was
launched.
[10]
It was developed by the then 16 year old Sumeet Lamba.
[11]
The website
was later rebranded as Tazaa.com.
[12]
Ixquick
is a search engine known for its privacy policy statement. Developed and
launched in 1998 by David Bodnick, it is owned by Surfboard Holding BV. On June
2006, Ixquick began to delete private details of its users following the same process
with
Scroogle
. Ixquick's privacy policy includes no recording of users' IP addresses, no
identifying cookies, no collection of personal data, and no sharing of personal data with
third parties.
[13]
It also uses a unique ranking system where a result is ranked by stars.
The more stars in a result, the more search engines agreed on the result.
In April 2005,
Dogpile
, then owned and operated by
InfoSpace
, Inc., collaborated with
researchers from the
University of Pittsburgh
and
Pennsylvania State University
to
measure the overlap and ranking differences of leading Web search engines in order to
gauge the benefits of using a metasearch engine to search the web. Results found that
from 10,316 random user-defined queries from
Google
,
Yahoo!
, and
Ask Jeeves
, only
3.2% of first page search results were the same across those search engines for a
given query. Another study later that year using 12,570 random user-defined queries
from
Google
,
Yahoo!
,
MSN Search
, and
Ask Jeeves
found that only 1.1% of first page
search results were the same across those search engines for a given query.
[14]
Advantages
[
edit
]
By sending multiple queries to several other search engines this extends the
coverage
data
of the topic and allows more information to be found. They use the indexes built by
other search engines, aggregating and often post-processing results in unique ways. A
metasearch engine has an advantage over a single search engine because more
results can be
retrieved
with the same amount of exertion.
[2]
It also reduces the work of
users from having to individually type in searches from different engines to look for
resources.
[2]
Metasearching is also a useful
approach if the purpose of the user’s search is to get an
overview of the topic or to get quick answers. Instead of having to go through multiple
search engines like Yahoo! or Google and comparing results, metasearch engines are
able to quickly compile and combine results. They can do it either by listing results from
each engine queried with no additional post-processing (Dogpile) or by analyzing the
results and ranking them by their own rules (IxQuick, Metacrawler, and Vivismo).
A metasearch engine can also hide the searcher's IP address from the search engines
queried thus providing privacy to the search.
Disadvantages
[
edit
]
Metasearch engines are not capable of
parsing
query forms or able to fully translate
query
syntax
. The number of
hyperlinks
generated by metasearch engines are limited,
and therefore do not provide the user with the complete results of a query.
[15]
The majority of metasearch engines do not provide over ten linked files from a single
search engine, and generally do not interact with larger search engines for results.
Pay
per click
links are prioritised and are normally displayed first.
[16]
Metasearching also gives the illusion that there is more coverage of the topic queried,
particularly if the user is searching for popular or commonplace information. It's
common to end with multiple identical results from the queried engines. It is also harder
for users to search with advanced search syntax to be sent with the query, so results
may not be as precise as when a user is using an advanced search interface at a
specific engine. This results in many metasearch engines using simple searching.
[17]
Operation
[
edit
]
A metasearch engine accepts a single search request from the
user
. This search
request is then passed on to another search engine’s
database
. A metasearch engine
does not create a database of
web pages
but generates a
Federated database
system
of
data integration
from multiple sources.
[18][19][20]
Since every search engine is unique and has different
algorithms
for generating ranked
data, duplicates will therefore also be generated. To remove duplicates, a metasearch
engine processes this data and applies its own algorithm. A revised list is produced as
an output for the user.
[
citation needed
]
When a metasearch engine contacts other search
engines, these search engines will respond in three ways:
They will both cooperate and provide complete access to the interface for the metasearch
engine, including private access to the index database, and will inform the metasearch
engine of any changes made upon the index database;
Search engines can behave in a non-cooperative manner whereby they will not deny or
provide any access to interfaces;
The search engine can be completely hostile and refuse the metasearch engine total
access to their database and in serious circumstances, by seeking
legal
methods.
[21]
Architecture of ranking
[
edit
]
Web pages that are highly ranked on many search engines are likely to be
more
relevant
in providing useful information.
[21]
However, all search engines have
different ranking scores for each website and most of the time these scores are not the
same. This is because search engines prioritise different criteria and methods for
scoring, hence a website might appear highly ranked on one search engine and lowly
ranked on another. This is a problem because Metasearch engines rely heavily on the
consistency of this data to generate reliable accounts.
[21]
Fusion
[
edit
]
Data Fusion Model
A metasearch engine uses the process of Fusion to filter data for more efficient results.
The two main fusion methods used are: Collection Fusion and Data Fusion.
Collection Fusion: also known as distributed retrieval, deals specifically with search engines
that index unrelated data. To determine how valuable these sources are, Collection Fusion
looks at the content and then ranks the data on how likely it is to provide relevant
information in relation to the query. From what is generated, Collection Fusion is able to pick
out the best resources from the rank. These chosen resources are then merged into a list.
[21]
Data Fusion: deals with information retrieved from search engines that indexes common
data sets. The process is very similar. The initial rank scores of data are merged into a
single list, after which the original ranks of each of these documents are analysed. Data with
high scores indicate a high level of relevancy to a particular query and are therefore
selected. To produce a list, the scores must be normalized using algorithms such as
CombSum. This is because search engines adopt different policies of algorithms resulting in
the score produced being incomparable.
[22][23]
Spamdexing
[
edit
]
Spamdexing
is the deliberate manipulation of search engine indexes. It uses a number
of methods to manipulate the relevance or prominence of resources indexed in a
manner unaligned with the intention of the indexing system. Spamdexing can be very
distressing for users and problematic for search engines because the return contents of
searches have poor precision.
[
citation needed
]
This will eventually result in the search engine
becoming unreliable and not dependable for the user. To tackle Spamdexing, search
robot algorithms are made more complex and are changed almost every day to
eliminate the problem.
[24]
It is a major problem for metasearch engines because it tampers with the
Web crawler
's
indexing criteria, which are heavily relied upon to format ranking lists. Spamdexing
manipulates the natural
ranking
system of a search engine, and places websites higher
on the ranking list than they would naturally be placed.
[25]
There are three primary
methods used to achieve this:
Content spam
[
edit
]
Content spam are the techniques that alter the logical view that a search engine has
over the page's contents. Techniques include:
Keyword Stuffing - Calculated placements of keywords within a page to raise the keyword
count, variety, and density of the page
Hidden/Invisible Text - Unrelated text disguised by making it the same color as the
background, using a tiny font size, or hiding it within the HTML code
Meta-tag Stuffing - Repeating keywords in meta tags and/or using keywords unrelated to
the site's content
Doorway Pages - Low quality webpages with little content, but relatable keywords or
phrases
Scraper Sites - Programs that allow websites to copy content from other websites and
create content for a website
Article Spinning - Rewriting existing articles as opposed to copying content from other sites
Machine Translation - Uses machine translation to rewrite content in several different
languages, resulting in illegible text
Link spam
[
edit
]
Link spam are links between pages present for reasons other than merit. Techniques
include:
Link-building Software - Automating the
search engine optimization
(SEO) process
Link Farms - Pages that reference each other (also known as mutual admiration societies)
Hidden Links - Placing hyperlinks where visitors won't or can't see them
Sybil Attack - Forging of multiple identities for malicious intent
Spam Blogs - Blogs created solely for commercial promotion and the passage of link
authority to target sites
Page Hijacking - Creating a copy of a popular website with similar content, but redirects web
surfers to unrelated or even malicious websites
Buying Expired Domains - Buying expiring domains and replacing pages with links to
unrelated websites
Cookie Stuffing - Placing an affiliate tracking cookie on a website visitor's computer without
their knowledge
Forum Spam - Websites that can be edited by users to insert links to spam sites
Cloaking
[
edit
]
This is a SEO technique in which different materials and information are sent to the web
crawler and to the
web browser
.
[26]
It is commonly used as a spamdexing technique
because it can trick search engines into either visiting a site that is substantially different
from the search engine description or giving a certain site a higher ranking.
See also
[
edit
]
Federated search
List of metasearch engines
Metabrowsing
Multisearch
Search aggregator
Search engine optimization
Hybrid search engine
6 HOME TASK. Share your information with
other groups and speak about 10 best
search engines.
SAVE 75% OFF on Digital Marketing Full Course
Which are the 10 best and most popular search engines in the World?
Besides Google and Bing, there are other search engines tha t may not be
so well known but still serve millions of search queries per day.
It may be a shocking surprise for many people, but Google is not the only
search engine available on the Internet today!
In fact, there are a number of alternative search engines that want to take
Google’s throne but none of them is ready (yet) to even pose a threat.
Google is the best search engine for 2022.
Nevertheless, there are other search engines worth considering, and the
best Google alternatives are presented below.
The Top 10 Most Popular Search
Engines In The World
List of the 10 best search engines in 2022, ranked by popularity.
1.
Google
2.
Microsoft Bing
3.
Yahoo
4.
Baidu
5.
Yandex
6.
DuckDuckGo
7.
Ask.com
8.
Ecosia
9.
Aol.com
10.
Internet Archive
7 HOME TASK. Wikipedia vs Britannica: A
Comparison Between Both Encyclopedia.
Encyclopedia Britannica vs. Wikipedia
The New Encyclopedia
Britannica
by Encyclopaedia Britannica (Compiled by)
Call Number: AE5 .E363 2010
ISBN: 9781593398378
Publication Date: 2009-09-01
Almost every student, faculty member, and librarian knows from experience how
valuable Wikipedia can actually be when looking for quick background information about
almost any topic. But what are the differences between Wikipedia and the traditional,
scholarly reference works listed and described on the Reference Shelf tab of this guide?
In this box I flesh out some of those differences (and similarities) within the context of
one of the greatest reference works of all time,
Encyclopedia Britannica
.
The
Encyclopedia Britannica
contains carefully edited articles on all major topics. It
fits the ideal purpose of a reference work as a place to get started, or to refer back to as
you read and write. The articles in
Britannica
are written by authors both identifiable and
credible. Many articles provide references to books and other sources about the topic
covered. Articles are edited for length, the goal being to provide students (and other
researchers) with sufficient background information without overwhelming them.
Undergraduates are rarely permitted to cite encyclopedia articles. Ask your professor if
you plan to do so. The reason for this prohibition has to do with the function of reference
works. Encyclopedias are best suited to providing background information rather than
in-depth analysis or novel perspective. The "conversation" among literary scholars and
historians
—or academics in any other discipline for that matter—does not occur within
the pages or pixels of encyclopedia articles.
Wikipedia
is "
written collaboratively
by
volunteers
from all around the world" and relies
on the
collective wisdom
of its volunteers to get the facts right and
to balance the
opinions
expressed. Wikipedia, of course, can be very useful as a starting point for
many topics, especially obscure ones or those with passing or popular interest.
Wikipedia articles often reflect the enthusiasm of their anonymous author(s) for the
subject. Articles are sometimes
too detailed
, making it difficult for uninitiated readers to
identify important themes.
As with any other reference work, most faculty instruct students not to cite Wikipedia.
But some faculty go further, advising students not to
consult
Wikipedia as a background
source. Prohibitions of this nature, fairly uncommon nowadays, typically result from the
volunteer approach to
editing
taken by Wikipedia, which can be
unreliable
. In order to
be safe, think of Wikipedia as the first stop on a research road trip. Move on from
Wikipedia to edited, scholarly encyclopedias and other reference works.
An interesting compromise between traditional encyclopedias and Wikipedia
is
Citizendium
, a project that continues to limp along but has unfortunately not gained
much traction. Most of the academic work on Wikipedia has focused on making it more
like a scholarly reference work through the interventions of undergraduate and graduate
students, librarians, and disciplinary faculty.
Acknowledgement
: This page was inspired by
Rick Lezenby
, one of the Social
Sciences librarians who affiliates with Temple University Libraries. I have substantially
altered and expanded Rick's original text.
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