Iso osi reference Model

ISO OSI Reference Model
To address the issues with network interoperability, the ISO researched different communication systems. As a result of this research, the ISO created the ISO OSI model to serve as a framework on which a suite of protocols can be built. The vision was that this set of protocols would be used to develop an international network that would not depend on proprietary systems. In the computer industry, proprietary means that one company or a small group of companies uses their own interpretation of tasks and processes to implement networking. Usually, the interpretation is not shared with others, so their solutions are not compatible, hence they do not communicate. Meanwhile, the TCP/IP protocol suite was used in the first network implementations. It quickly became a standard, meaning that it was the protocol suite implemented in practice. Consequently, it was chosen over the OSI protocol suite and became the standard in network implementations today.
ISO, the International Organization for Standardization, is an independent, nongovernmental organization. It is the world's largest developer of voluntary international standards. Those standards help businesses to increase productivity while minimizing errors and waste.
The OSI reference model describes how data is transferred over a network. The model addresses hardware and software equipment, and transmission.
The OSI model provides an extensive list of functions and services that can occur at each layer. It also describes the interaction of each layer with the layers directly above and below it. More importantly, the OSI model facilitates an understanding of how information travels throughout the network. It provides vendors with a set of standards that ensure compatibility and interoperability between the various types of network technologies that companies produce around the world. The OSI model is also used for computer network design, operation specifications, and troubleshooting.
Roughly, the model layers can be grouped into upper and lower layers. Layers 5 to 7, or upper layers, are concerned with user interaction and the information that is communicated, its presentation and how the communication proceeds. Layers 1 to 4, the lower layers, are concerned with how this content is transferred over the network.