Lecture №7 Modernism in American Literature (1900s). Jack London, Th. Dreiser



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Lectures 7

 

THE CONCEPT OF MODERNISM  

The large cultural wave of Modernism, which gradually emerged in Europe 

and the United States in the early years of the 20th century, expressed a sense of 

modern life through art as a sharp break from the past, as well as from Western 

civilization's classical traditions. Modern life seemed radically different from 

traditional life -- more scientific, faster, more technological, and more mechanized. 

Modernism embraced these changes.  

In literature, Gertrude Stein (1874-1946) developed an analogue to modern 

art. A resident of Paris and an art collector (she and her brother Leo purchased 

works of the artists Paul Cé, Paul Gauguin, Pierre Auguste Renoir, Pablo Picasso, 

and many others), Stein once explained that she and Picasso were doing the same 

thing, he in art and she in writing. Using simple, concrete words as counters, she 

developed an abstract, experimental prose poetry. The childlike quality of Stein's 

simple vocabulary recalls the bright, primary colors of modern art, while her 

repetitions echo the repeated shapes of abstract visual compositions. By dislocating 

grammar and punctuation, she achieved new "abstract" meanings as in her 

influential collection Tender Buttons  (1914),  which views objects from different 

angles, as in a cubist painting:  

A Table A Table means does it not my dear it means a whole steadiness. Is 

it likely that a change. A table means more than a glass even a looking glass is tall. 

Meaning, in Stein's work,  was often subordinated to technique, just as 

subject was less important than shape in abstract visual art. Subject and technique 

became inseparable in both the visual and literary art of the period. The idea of 



form as the equivalent of content, a cornerstone of post-World War II art and 

literature, crystallized in this period.  

Technological innovation in the world of factories and machines inspired 

new attentiveness to technique in the arts. To take one example: Light, particularly 

electrical light, fascinated modern artists and writers. Posters and advertisements of 

the period are full of images of floodlit skyscrapers and light rays shooting out 

from automobile headlights, movie houses, and watchtowers to illumine a 

forbidding outer darkness suggesting ignorance and old-fashioned tradition.  

Photography began to assume the status of a fine art allied with the latest 

scientific developments. The photographer Alfred Stieglitz opened a salon in New 

York City, and by 1908 he was showing the latest European works, including 

pieces by Picasso and other European friends of Gertrude Stein. Stieglitz's salon 

influenced numerous writers and artists, including William Carlos Williams, who 

was one of the most influential American poets of the 20th century. Williams 

cultivated a photographic clarity of image; his aesthetic dictum was "no ideas but 

in things."  

Henry James, William Faulkner, and many other American writers 

experimented with fictional points of view (some are still doing so). James often 

restricted the information in the novel to what a single character would have 

known. Faulkner's novel The Sound and the Fury  (1929) breaks up the narrative 

into four sections, each giving the viewpoint of a different character (including a 

mentally retarded boy).  

To analyze such modernist novels and poetry, a school of "new criticism" 

arose in the United States, with a new critical vocabulary. New critics hunted the 

"epiphany" (moment in which a character suddenly sees the transcendent truth of a 

situation, a term derived  from a holy saint's appearance to mortals); they 

"examined" and "clarified" a work, hoping to "shed light" upon it through their 

"insights."  




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