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Experimental ethics
Pasteur's experiments are often cited as against medical ethics, especially on his vaccination of Meister. He did not have any experience in medical practice, and more importantly, lacked a medical license. This is often cited as a serious threat to his professional and personal reputation.[153][154] His closest partner Émile Roux, who had medical qualifications, refused to participate in the clinical trial, likely because he considered it unjust.[126] However, Pasteur executed vaccination of the boy under the close watch of practising physicians Jacques-Joseph Grancher, head of the Paris Children's Hospital's paediatric clinic, and Alfred Vulpian, a member of the Commission on Rabies. He was not allowed to hold the syringe, although the inoculations were entirely under his supervision.[125] It was Grancher who was responsible for the injections, and he defended Pasteur before the French National Academy of Medicine in the issue.[155]
Pasteur has also been criticized for keeping secrecy of his procedure and not giving proper pre-clinical trials on animals.[7] Pasteur stated that he kept his procedure secret in order to control its quality. He later disclosed his procedures to a small group of scientists. Pasteur wrote that he had successfully vaccinated 50 rabid dogs before using it on Meister.[156][157][158] According to Geison, Pasteur's laboratory notebooks show that he had vaccinated only 11 dogs.[7]
Meister never showed any symptoms of rabies,[126] but the vaccination has not been proved to be the reason. One source estimates the probability of Meister contracting rabies at 10%.[114]
Awards and honours
Pasteur was awarded 1,500 francs in 1853 by the Pharmaceutical Society for the synthesis of racemic acid.[159] In 1856 the Royal Society of London presented him the Rumford Medal for his discovery of the nature of racemic acid and its relations to polarized light,[160] and the Copley Medal in 1874 for his work on fermentation.[161] He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1869.[4]
The French Academy of Sciences awarded Pasteur the 1859 Montyon Prize for experimental physiology in 1860,[44] and the Jecker Prize in 1861 and the Alhumbert Prize in 1862 for his experimental refutation of spontaneous generation.[77][162] Though he lost elections in 1857 and 1861 for membership to the French Academy of Sciences, he won the 1862 election for membership to the mineralogy section.[163] He was elected to permanent secretary of the physical science section of the academy in 1887 and held the position until 1889.[164]
In 1873 Pasteur was elected to the Académie Nationale de Médecine[165] and was made the commander in the Brazilian Order of the Rose.[166] In 1881 he was elected to a seat at the Académie française left vacant by Émile Littré.[167] Pasteur received the Albert Medal from the Royal Society of Arts in 1882.[168] In 1883 he became foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.[169] In 1885, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.[170] On 8 June 1886, the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II awarded Pasteur with the Order of the Medjidie (I Class) and 10000 Ottoman liras.[171] He was awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh in 1889.[172] Pasteur won the Leeuwenhoek Medal from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences for his contributions to microbiology in 1895.[173]
Pasteur was made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1853, promoted to Officer in 1863, to Commander in 1868, to Grand Officer in 1878 and made a Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor in 1881.[174][168]
Pasteur Street (Đường Pasteur) in Da Nang, Vietnam.
Legacy
Vulitsya Pastera or Pasteur Street in Odessa, Ukraine
Main article: List of things named after Louis Pasteur
In many localities worldwide, streets are named in his honor. For example, in the US: Palo Alto and Irvine, California, Boston and Polk, Florida, adjacent to the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Jonquière, Québec; San Salvador de Jujuy and Buenos Aires (Argentina), Great Yarmouth in Norfolk, in the United Kingdom, Jericho and Wulguru in Queensland, (Australia); Phnom Penh in Cambodia; Ho Chi Minh City and Da Nang, Vietnam; Batna in Algeria; Bandung in Indonesia, Tehran in Iran, near the central campus of the Warsaw University in Warsaw, Poland; adjacent to the Odessa State Medical University in Odessa, Ukraine; Milan in Italy and Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca and Timișoara in Romania. The Avenue Pasteur in Saigon, Vietnam, is one of the few streets in that city to retain its French name. Avenue Louis Pasteur in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area in Boston, Massachusetts was named in his honor in the French manner with "Avenue" preceding the name of the dedicatee.[175]
Both the Institut Pasteur and Université Louis Pasteur were named after Pasteur. The schools Lycée Pasteur in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, and Lycée Louis Pasteur in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, are named after him. In South Africa, the Louis Pasteur Private Hospital in Pretoria, and Life Louis Pasteur Private Hospital, Bloemfontein, are named after him. Louis Pasteur University Hospital in Košice, Slovakia is also named after Pasteur.
Louis Pasteur University Hospital, Košice, Slovakia
A statue of Pasteur is erected at San Rafael High School in San Rafael, California. A bronze bust of him resides on the French Campus of Kaiser Permanente's San Francisco Medical Center in San Francisco. The sculpture was designed by Harriet G. Moore and cast in 1984 by Artworks Foundry.[176]
The UNESCO/Institut Pasteur Medal was created on the centenary of Pasteur's death, and is given every two years in his name, "in recognition of outstanding research contributing to a beneficial impact on human health".[177]
The french Academician Henri Mondor stated: "Louis Pasteur was neither a physician nor a surgeon, but no one has done as much for medicine and surgery as he has."[178]
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