Microsoft Word Kurzweil, Ray The Singularity Is Near doc

Enough: Staying Human in an Engineered Age
(New York: Times Books, 2003). 
33.
Kaczynski, "The Unabomber's Manifesto." 
34.
Foresight Institute and IMM, "Foresight Guidelines on Molecular Nanotechnology," February 21, 
1999, http://www.foresight.org/guidelines/current.html; Christine Peterson, "Molecular 
Manufacturing: Societal Implications of Advanced Nanotechnology," April 9, 2003, 
http://www.KurzweilAI.net/meme/frame.html?main=/articles/art0557.html; Chris Phoenix and 
Mike Treder, "Safe Utilization of Advanced Nanotechnology," January 28, 2003, 
http://www.KurzweilAI.net/meme/frame.html?main=/articles/art0547.html; Robert A. Freitas Jr., 
"The Gray Goo Problem," KurzweilAI.net, 20 March 2002, 
http://www.KurzweilAI.net/meme/frame.html?main=/articles/art0142.html. 
35.
Robert A. Freitas Jr., private communication to Ray Kurzweil, January 2005. Freitas describes his 
proposal in detail in Robert A. Freitas Jr., "Some Limits to Global Ecophagy by Biovorous 
Nanoreplicators, with Public Policy Recommendations." 
36.
Ralph C. Merkle, "Self Replicating Systems and Low Cost Manufacturing," 1994, 
http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/selfRepNATO.html. 
37.
Neil King Jr. and Ted Bridis, "FBI System Covertly Searches E-mail," 
Wall Street Journal Online
(July 10, 2000), http://zdnet.com.com/2100-11-522071.html?legacy =zdnn. 
38.
Patrick Moore, "The Battle for Biotech Progress-GM Crops Are Good for the Environment and 
Human Welfare," 
Greenspirit
(February 2004), http://www.greenspirit.com/logbook.cfm?msid=62. 
39.
"GMOs: Are There Any Risks?" European Commission (October 9, 2001), 
http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/biosociety/pdf/gmo_press_release.pdf. 
40.
Rory Carroll, "Zambians Starve As Food Aid Lies Rejected," 
Guardian
(October 17, 2002), 
http://www.guardian.co.uk/gmdebate/Story/0,2763,813220,00.html. 
41.
Larry Thompson, "Human Gene Therapy: Harsh Lessons, High Hopes," 
FDA Consumer Magazine
(September–October 2000), http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2000/500_gene.html. 
42.
Bill Joy, "Why the Future Doesn't Need Us." 
43.
The Foresight Guidelines (Foresight Institute, version 4.0, October 2004, 
http://www.foresight.org/guidelines/current.html) are designed to address the potential positive and 
negative consequences of nanotechnology. They are intended to inform citizens, companies, and 
governments, and provide specific guidelines to responsibly develop nanotechnology-based 
molecular manufacturing. The Foresight Guidelines were initially developed at the Institute 
Workshop on Molecular Nanotechnology Research Policy Guidelines, sponsored by the institute 
and the Institute for Molecular Manufacturing (IMM), February 19–21, 1999. Participants included 
James Bennett, Greg Burch, K. Eric Drexler, Neil Jacobstein, Tanya Jones, Ralph Merkle, Mark 
Miller, Ed Niehaus, Pat Parker, Christine Peterson, Glenn Reynolds, and Philippe Van Nedervelde. 
The guidelines have been updated several times. 
44.
Martine Rothblatt, CEO of United Therapeutics, has proposed replacing this moratorium with a 
regulatory regime in which a new International Xenotransplantation Authority inspects and 
approves pathogen-free herds of genetically engineered pigs as acceptable sources of xenografts. 
Rothblatt's solution also helps stamp out rogue xenograft surgeons by promising each country that 
joins the DCA, and helps to enforce the rules within its borders, a fair share of the pathogenfree 

---

xenografts for its own citizens suffering from organ failure. See Martine Rothblatt, "Your Life or 
Mine: Using Geoethics to Resolve the Conflict Between Public and Private Interests," in 
Xenotransplantation
(Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2004). Disclosure: I am on the board of directors of 
United Therapeutics. 
45.
See Singularity Institute, http://www.singinst.org. Also see note 30 above. Yudkowsky formed the 
Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence (SIAI) to develop "Friendly AI," intended to "create 
cognitive content, design features, and cognitive architectures that result in benevolence" before 
near-human or better-than-human Als become possible. SIAI has developed The SIAI Guidelines 
on Friendly AI: "Friendly AI," http://www.singinst.org/friendly/. Ben Goertzel and his Artificial 
General Intelligence Research Institute have also examined issues related to developing friendly 
AI; his current focus is on developing the Novamente AI Engine, a set of learning algorithms and 
architectures. Peter Voss, founder of Adaptive A.I., Inc., has also collaborated on friendly-AI 
issues: http://adaptiveai.com/. 
46.
Integrated Fuel Cell Technologies, http://ifctech.com. Disclosure: The author is an early investor in 
and adviser to IFCT. 
47.
New York Times
, September 23, 2003, editorial page. 
48.
The House Committee on Science of the U.S. House of Representatives held a hearing on April 9, 
2003, to "examine the societal implications of nanotechnology and H.R. 766, the Nanotechnology 
Research and Development Act of 2002." See "Full Science Committee Hearing on the Societal 
Implications of Nanotechnology," http://www.house.gov/science/hearings/full03/index.htm, and 
"Hearing Transcript," 
http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/science/hsy86340.000/hsy86340_0f.htm. For Ray 
Kurzweil's testimony, see also 
http://www.KurzweilAI.net/meme/frame.html?main=/articles/art0556.html. Also see Amara D. 
Angelica, "Congressional Hearing Addresses Public Concerns About Nanotech," April 14, 2003, 
http://www.KurzweilAI.net/articles/art0558.html.