Náležitosti

m, h
Ǭ
ǬǬ
Ǭ
:, 
b
Ȝ
Ȝ
Ȝ
Ȝ
t (Kelly 2000, 74)
Weak forms - these function words are more frequently pronounced in their weak 
forms than in their strong forms in connected speech. For example h
ə
v, s
ə
m
, 
h
ə
, b
ə
t 
(Kelly 2000, 74) 
Sentence stress - since English stress occur at regular intervals within connected 
speech, it is claimed that English language belongs to a group of stress-timed 
languages. With reference to Gerald Kelly “Stress timing and regular rhythm
4
are most 
4
Rhythm - is a regular pattern of sounds. David Crystal points out “Our sense of rhythm is a perception 
that there are prominent units occurring at regular intervals as we speak. All forms of spoken English 
have their rhythm; though in spontaneous speech it is often difficult to hear, because hesitations interfere 
with the smooth flow of the words.” (2003,249)
The stress-timed rhythm theory states that the times from 
each stressed syllable to the next will tend to be the same, irrespective of the number of intervening 
unstressed syllables. Some theories of English rhythm use a term “foot” as a unit of English rhythm. 
(Kelly 2000,135)

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noticeable in highly stylised and patterned language, such as poetry or nursery rhymes.” 
Regularity of speech rhythm varies widely according to context as it helps both deliver 
and understand meaning in longer utterances. (2000, 71) This is closely connected to 
intonation. 
For example they LIVE in an OLD HOUSE 
they´ve been in a LOVEly OLD COTTage 
LIVing 
 
2.2.2 Intonation 
Pitch – This term is used to describe either high or low, but at the same time steady or 
moving, fast or slow, constant or changing quality. In terms of phonetics “Variations in 
pitch during speech create the rise and fall of the voice known as intonation.” 
(MacCarhy 1978, 106)
Intonation – through constant changes of voice speaker can express intention, seek an 
argument, ask for information or confirmation, make a remark, or indicate what is 
shared knowledge or new information between the speaker and listener. Native speakers 
and competent users of every language are very sensitive to the use of intonation, but 
mostly at an unconscious level. It is recommended that beginning learners at this level 
of learning should be able to recognize where the pitch goes up and down. Arrows or 
capital letters are often used to represent intonation patterns. For example ´she LIVES 
in LONdon ´ (Kelly 2000, 88)