The connection of S. with other branches of S. 1

Stylostylistics or computational S. dates back to 1851, when disputes about the authensity of some of the writings of St.Paul arose. Nowadays the linguists use computers to establish the authorship and to interprete some texts... 3) S. is based on grammar, lex-gy, phonetics, but gr., lex-gy, phon-s study dif.aspects of the l-ge. S. takes the same material and investigates its fitness and expressiveness in dif. spheres of com-n. Father - sire - pater - pop - lexicology - dad - my old man 2.Connotation Every separate m-ng of a w-d is complex and contains several ingredients. The notional content (понятийное знач-е) is expressed by the denoting m-ng, which names a notion or an object. The connotative m-ng presents certain overbones, which are superimposed (наложены) on the main notional semantic content of a w-d. They are optional and render additional shades of m-ng. Within the conn-ns we distinguish: 1. emotional con-ns of the w-ds, its capacity to evoce or directly express emotion (“daddy” instead of “father”; “kid”...) 2. evaluatory con-ns – the capacity to evoce or directly express evaluation: negative, positive, neutral (главарь – лидер; to sneak – to move silently with some negative purpose) 3. expressive con-ns – the capacity to directly express intencity (to love – to adore – to worship) 4. stylistic con-n – the capacity of a w-d to posess stylistic colouring, that is when the w-d itself is suggestive of this/that style (sumber – sleap) Sometimes a w-d may be charged with all or several of the above mentioned con-ns (Man can be analised, woman – only adored). Some linguists name 7 con-ns adding to the 4 literary «Анна Каренина»), historical (treugolka), social (thou – for those, who are lower in the social state in old times) con-ns Sometimes con-ns may be strong, that the dictionary m-ng may be almost forgotten Snarl w-ds: Japs (about Japanese), Reds (красные), democratic, freedom and so on. Another classification is b/w inheriant (usual) and adheriant (occasional) con-ns: - the inheriant con-ns are those, that form a permanent part of the stylistic char-cs of a ling.unit; con-ns, which are always present in a ling.unit (money – pelf (презрительный металл) – daugh (грош)) - the adheriant con-ns are those, which appeal in speech, in texts under the influence of context (foreigner (in the story))

2. A functional style – a system of interelated l.means peculiar to a specific sphere of com-n. There are specific features common for all styles: 1. Each FS is char-sed by specific l. means that are used exclusively and prodomenently for the given style. 2. But the basic l. material of any style is made up of l.means common to all styles, while only a smaller part of the l.means is stylistically coloured. 3. FS are constantly interacting, there are no rigid boderline b/w them. In modern linguistics a new term and notion is often used instead of “FS” – “register”. A register – is a variety of l. distinguished accord.to use, as – social variety of l.(Church E., Advertising l., the E.of Journalism, written instructions...). E.linguists state that every speaker has at his command a certain range of registers and almost uncontionasly changes his manner of speaking depending on the situation, interlocuter. Ex.2) met that full John today. What’s his yoke back? (to his wife) 3) Do you remember John Jokes? I met him today and he said he would like his yoke back. I think he is optimistic, don’t you? (to collegues) 4) I met Mr Johns today, sir, who used to work here, if you remember? He asked me to enquire if his poast was still open and if there was any chance of his taking it up again. I said I would put the meesage on, sir (to his boss) We can distinguish social, regional and occupational l.variations. 1. Regional l.variation of E.provides a geographical answer to the question “Where are you from?” 2. Social l.variation provides and answers to the question “Who are you?” and “What are you in the eyes of the E.-speaking society to which you belong?”. People may acquire several identities as they paticipate in the social str-re. One and the same person may belong to dif.social groups and perform dif.social roles. A person may be at a same time described as a parent, architect, citizen, thetre-goer and so on. 3. People in dif.professions developed jargon and prof.slang which set them apart from outsiders. The highly distinguished l-s of law, government and religion have unique grammar and vocabulary. All FS in modern E.may be divided into 2 classes: formal and informal.