Group: 11 7-variant

FINAL in MODERN LINGUISTICS

Students name: Almardonova Mohinur
Group: 11

7-variant

The notion of concept and its structure. Indicate the main, additional and inner layers of the concept Thanksgiving Day
Conceptual metaphor theory and its types.
Frame and its structure. Give the analysis of the frame Election”

Answers
1.

From the communicative point of view an idea may be a cognitive model in line with which the speaker uses a particular component part in one or otherwise. The core of the concept has been named " the conceptual focus ". It includes the foremost stable central substantive components which are universal for the precise language community. together with images, emotional and sensational constituents these cover the most essence of the concept content.A concept is stored within the memory and might be reproduced in words which can not literally coincide with the perceived idea, but within which the identical meaning is concentrated as within the logical integral of the received expression. within the course of communication a particular contextual meaning is perceived as a part of the concept, and then, if necessary, the communicant chooses an appropriate verbal form. The synonymic rows allow a quick respective choice; therefore, the language has nothing excessive or superfluous. On the opposite hand, the perceived discourse may be compressed to an idea containing the gist of the full text.
Thanksgiving may be a popular American holiday, which is widely known once once a year. it's primarily related to the u. s., where it occurs on the fourth Thursday in November, forms a very important a part of the country’s culture and marks the start of the vacation season, which also includes Christmas and year.Despite originating as a harvest festival, Thanksgiving is now celebrated more generally as on a daily basis for giving thanks for perceived blessings. Although the u. s. is that the country most typically linked to the vacation, Thanksgiving is additionally celebrated in Canada on the second Monday of October. Meanwhile, similar holidays exist in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, also as in an exceedingly single city within the Netherlands.Thanksgiving is recognised for its importance to American culture throughout the planet and features heavily in an exceedingly number of popular US television shows, including The Simpsons and Friends. Generally, people know that it's each day for giving thanks which Thanksgiving dinner consists of turkey, but what else will we understand it.

2.Conceptual Metaphor Theory may be a promising model that despite its deficiencies are often accustomed account for variety of phenomena in figurative language use. The paper reviews the arguments in favour of and against Conceptual Metaphor Theory in terms of the information, methodology and content. Since the model focuses on regularities, it's less useful within the study of idioms, where irregularities also are found. It has, however, enormous potential because it integrates corpus- and discourse-driven findings.In cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphor, or cognitive metaphor, refers to the understanding of 1 idea, or conceptual domain, in terms of another. An example of this is often the understanding of quantity in terms of directionality (e.g. "the price of peace is rising") or the understanding of your time in terms of cash (e.g. "I spent time at work today").A conceptual domain will be any mental organization of human experience. The regularity with which different languages employ the identical metaphors, often perceptually based, has led to the hypothesis that the mapping between conceptual domains corresponds to neural mappings within the brain.This theory has gained wide attention, although some researchers question its empirical accuracy.This idea, and an in depth examination of the underlying processes, was first extensively explored by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in their work Metaphors We Live By in 1980. Since then, the sphere of metaphor studies within the larger discipline of cognitive linguistics has increasingly developed, with several annual academic conferences, scholarly societies, and research labs contributing to the topic area. Some researchers, like Gerard Steen, have worked to develop empirical investigative tools for metaphor research, including the Metaphor Identification Procedure, or MIP.In Psychology, Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr., has investigated conceptual metaphor and embodiment through variety of psychological experiments. Other cognitive scientists, for example Gilles Fauconnier, study subjects just like conceptual metaphor under the labels "analogy", "conceptual blending" and "ideasthesia". Conceptual metaphors are useful for understanding complex ideas in simple terms and so are frequently wont to give insight to abstract theories and models. for instance, the conceptual metaphor of viewing communication as a conduit is one large theory explained with a metaphor. So not only is our everyday communication shaped by the language of conceptual metaphors, but so is that the very way we understand scholarly theories. These metaphors are prevalent in communication and that we don't just use them in language; we actually perceive and act in accordance with the metaphors.

3.Frame semantics may be a theory of linguistic meaning developed by Charles J. Fillmore that extends his earlier case grammar. It relates linguistic semantics to encyclopedic knowledge. the fundamental idea is that one cannot understand the meaning of one word without access to all or any the essential knowledge that relates thereto word. for instance, one wouldn't be ready to understand the word "sell" without knowing anything about true of economic transfer, which also involves, among other things, a seller, a buyer, goods, money, the relation between the money and therefore the goods, the relations between the vendor and therefore the goods and therefore the money, the relation between the client and also the goods and therefore the money then on. Thus, a word activates, or evokes, a frame of semantic knowledge referring to the precise concept to which it refers (or highlights, in frame semantic terminology).The idea of the encyclopedic organisation of information itself is old and was discussed by Age of Enlightenment philosophers like Denis Diderot and Giambattista Vico.Fillmore and other evolutionary and cognitive linguists like John Haiman and Adele Goldberg, however, make an argument against generative grammar and truth-conditional semantics. As is elementary for Lakoffian–Langackerian Cognitive Linguistics, it's claimed that knowledge of language is not any different from other sorts of knowledge; therefore there's no grammar within the traditional sense, and language isn't an independent cognitive function.Instead, the spreading and survival of linguistic units is directly akin to that of other sorts of units of cultural evolution, like in memetics and other cultural replicator theories.