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-to-10-years Old Children



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1.1 8-to-10-years Old Children 
As it is important to characterize the target age group before a course-planning 
phase, for the purpose of the research, Scott and Ytreberg´s description of this particular 
age group was adopted. These authors enumerate that: 
These children are relatively mature children with an adult and a childish side: 
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Their basic concepts are formed. They have very decided views of the world. 
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They can tell the difference between the fact and fiction. 
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They ask questions all the time. 
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They rely on the spoken word as well as the physical world to convey and 
understand meaning. 
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They are able to make some decisions about their own learning. 
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They have definite views about what they like and do not like doing. 
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They have a developed sense of fairness about what happens in the classroom 
and begin to question the teacher´ s decisions. 
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They are able to work with others and learn from others. 
(Scott and Ytreberg 1990, 3) 
To have a complete picture Opal Dunn further points out
Without knowledge of a child´s various stages of cognitive, emotional
physical, and social and language development, and an ability to recognize these 
stages, it is difficult for a teacher to plan an effective programme… Activities, 
beyond the child’s level of development, are difficult and often result in a 
restless classroom, or discipline problems in large classes. (1983, 8)
At this stage it is necessary to define the main areas of children´s development. The 
useful comments on this topic were found in Opal Dunn (1983), Scott and Ytreberg 
(1990), and Seefeldt´s (1980) methodology books and on the Internet web pages listed 


12 
in the bibliography. For the purpose of the research, firstly cognitive development
secondly social and emotional development, and thirdly language development of eight-
to-ten year olds will be discussed briefly. The last chapter will concentrate on the topic 
of ´Motivation´ in general terms of language learning, which will be narrowed to 
developing pronunciation. 

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