Analyses of toponyms and their classification in "a farewell to arms " by ernest hemingway

7. Resorts: Amalfi, Wengen;

8. Locales: Messina, Taormina;

9. Provinces: Florence, Messina,Milan, Naplas;

10. Villas: Villa Rossa, Villa San Giovanni;

11. Streets: Via Manzoni; 

12. Ridges: Ternova;

13. Mountains: Bainsizza (Bansizza), Black Forest, Carpathians, Corsica, Dent du Jaman, Dent du Midi, Kuk, Manto Maggiore, Monte Tamara, The Hartz

14. Seaports: Brindisi, Palermo, Trieste;

15. Waterfalls: Niagara Falls; 

16.Lakes: Lake Como, Lago Maggiore; 

17. Channels: The Golden Gate;

18. Rivers: Rhone, Tagliamento, The Isonze;

19. Islands: Capri, Hawaii, Isola Bella, Isola Madre, Sicily;

20. Oceans: Pacific Ocean;

21. Alpines: Chernex, Fontanivent, Mürren;

22. Plateaus: Carso;

23. Valleys: Engadine;

In our opinion in studying the toponymemes, it is important to classify them as to their structural-semantic and communicative-pragmatic types. In this particular work, it is predominantly dealt with the classification of toponymemes used in the novel “Farewell to arms” according to their structural features.

So, as to their structure generally we can classify toponymemes into the following types:

1) lexical toponymemes (or monoword toponymemes);

2) syntactical toponymemes (or polyword toponymemes) [compare: Кoraev 2006; Багомедов 2001; Нерознак 1990, 1990, Никонов 1965.].

In their turn monoword toponymemes may fall into the following four subtypes:1) simple monoword toponymemes: 2) derivative monoword toponymemes; 3) composite monoword toponymemes: a) compound monoword toponymemes; b) complex monoword toponymemes; 4) mixed monoword lexical toponymemes.

Below we will consider them in “A Farewell to arms” separately:

1. 
   Simple monoword toponymemes expressed by one stem lexeme: Kuk, Lom;
   
2. 
   Derivative monoword toponymemes expressed by lexeme consisting of a stem+suffix/postfix: Germany, Gorizia, Helvetia
   

3. Composite monoword toponymemes consisting of “stem+stem” which fall into three subtypes:

1) compound monoword toponymemes consisting of two stems of equal rank as to parts of speech they belong to: England, Ireland, Switzerland, Scotland;

2)complex monoword toponymemes consisting of two stems of unequal rank as to parts of speech they belong to: Pittsburg;

3)complex monoword toponymemes consisting of three stems of unequal rank as to parts of speech they belong to: Monfalcone, Montreux, Fontanivent, Campoformio, Capracotta, Castagnola;

4. Mixed monoword toponymemes сonsisting of two stems +affix (prefix,infix, and postfix)( Toponymemes of this type are not found in the novel)

5. Syntactical polyword toponymemes expressed by:

1) phrasal toponymemes сonsiting of two lexemes: San Dona, San Gabriele, San Vito, The Scala, The Trentino, Manto Maggiore, Monte Tamara, Black Forest The Cova, Crystal Palace, Villa Rossa;

2) phrasal toponymemes сonsisting of three lexemes: The Brigata Basilicata, The Crystal Palace, Bains de L’Alliez, The Grand Canyon, The Woolworth Building, Villa San Giovanni, Wengen, Dent du Jaman, Dent du Midi,The Hartz Mountains Zona di Guerra;

3) phrasal toponymemes сonsisting of four lexemes : The Woolworth Building

It is significant to mention that all the toponymemes can be called “linguoculturemes”, for they incarnate in themselves certain cultural component(s) closely related to the culture, life and activity of the community speaking this or that language and this feature is faced in the novel “Farewell to arms” too.

By way of conclusion, we can refer to toponymemes as cultural, geographical, lingvistical, historical and psychological sources as they can show people’s culture and traditions, their inharitants, language and history.

References

1. 
   Hemingway E. “Farewell to arms”, publishing house “Prosveshaniye”, Leningrad 1971;
   
2. 
   Korayev S. Toponimika Т., “O’zbekiston faylasuflari milliy jamiyati nashriyoti” , 2006;
   
3. 
   Багомедов, М.Р. Структура и семантика топонимических единиц даргинского языка : автореф. дис. канд. филол. наук, Махачкала, 2001;
   
4. 
   Нерознак А.П. Топонимика / А.П. Нерознак // Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь. – М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1990.
   
5. 
   Никонов В.А. Введение в топонимику.М.,”Наука”, 1965;