Borrowed words History of the Study of Borrowing

How does loaning words work?
Borrowing and lending of words happens because of cultural contact between two communities that speak different languages. Often, the dominant culture (or the culture perceived to have more prestige) lends more words than it borrows, so the process of exchange is usually asymmetrical.

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   Indian and othersRussian – English lexical correlations
   
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    Lexical correlations are defined as lexical units from different languages which
    
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    Are phonetically and semantically related. Semantically Russian- English lexical
    
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    Correlations are various. They may denote everyday objects and commonly used
    
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    Things; brutal -грубый, cold – холодный, ground – грунт, kettle -котел, kitchen –
    
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    Кухня, money – монета, sister – сeстра, wolf- волк etc.
    
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    For instance the word bolshevik was at first indivisible in English, which is seen
    
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    From the forms bolshevikism, bolshevikise, bolshevikian entered by some dictionaries.
    
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    Later on the word came to be divided into the morphological elements bolshev-ik.
    
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    The new morphological division can be accounted for by the existence of a number
    
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    Of words containing these elements (bolshevism, bolshevist, bolshevise; sputnik,
    
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    Udarnik, menshevik).
    
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    Assimilation is the process of changing the adopted word. The process of
    
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    Assimilation of borrowings includes changes in sound form of morphological
    
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    Structure, grammar characteristics, meaning and usage.
    
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    Phonetic assimilation comprises changes in sound form and stress. Sounds that
    
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    Were alien to the English language were fitted into its scheme of sounds, e.g. In the
    
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    Recent French borrowings communique, cafe the long [e] and [e] are rendered with the
    
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    Help of [ei]. The accent is usually transferred to the first syllable in the words from
    
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    Foreign sources.
    
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    The degree of phonetic adaptation depends on the period of borrowing: the earlier
    
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    The period the more completed this adaptation. While such words as “table”, “plate”
    
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    Borrowed from French in the 8th – 11th centuries can be considered fully assimilated,
    
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    Later Parisian borrowings (15th c.) such as regime, valise, cafe” are still pronounced in
    
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    A French manner.
    
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    Grammatical adaption is usually a less lasting process, because in order to function
    
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    Adequately in the recipient language a borrowing must completely change its paradigm. Though there are some well-known exceptions as plural forms of the
    
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    English Renaissance borrowings – datum pl. Data, criterion – pl. Criteria and others.
    
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    The process of semantic assimilation has many forms: narrowing of meanings
    
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    (usually polysemantic words are borrowed in one of the meanings); specialisation or
    
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    Generalisation of meanings, acquiring new meanings in the recipient language,
    
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    Shifting a primary meaning to the position of a secondary meaning.
    
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    Completely assimilated borrowings are the words, which have undergone all types
    
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    Of assimilation. Such words are frequently used and are stylistically neutral, they may
    
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    Occur as dominant words in a synonymic group. They take an active part in wordformation.
    
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