Convenience

participation
change and, 198
motivation and, 307
participative leader behavior, 339
path-goal theory, 338–340
defined, 338
framework for, 340
f
leader behavior and, 339
situational factors, 339–340
people, concern for, 333, 334
f
Subject Index
515
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perception
attribution and, 273
defined, 272
individual behavior and, 272–273
selective, 272, 272
f
stereotyping and, 272–273, 272
f
performance appraisal, 237–239
defined, 237
errors in, 238–239
feedback, 239–240
graphic rating scales for, 238
f
methods of, 237–238
performance behaviors, 282
performance measurement, 433
performance-to-outcome expectancy, 300
performing stage of development, 401–402,
401
f
personal digital technology, 374–375
personality
“Big Five” model of, 264–266, 265
f
defined, 264
emotional intelligence (EQ) and, 268
individual behavior and, 264–268,
265
f
Myers-Briggs framework of, 266–267
personality clash, 410
personal resources, 143
personal traits, creativity and, 280
person-job fit, 263
personnel.
See
human resource management
(HRM)
person-role conflict, 403
persuasion, 349
philanthropic giving, 50
physical demands, stress and, 275
physical work environment, 42
physiological needs, 296, 296
f
piece-rate incentive plan, 311
planned change, 195
planning
defined, 6
management process and, 7
f
organizational goals and, 67–70
planning process, 67–70, 68
f
operational planning, 84–89, 85
t
tactical planning, 83–84
policy, 85
t
, 86
political behavior
defined, 348
impression management as, 349–350
managing, 350–351
in organizations, 348–351
types of, 349
political-legal dimension
defined, 38
of general environment, 38–39
pooled interdependence, 171
Porter-Lawler extension of expectancy theory,
301, 301
f
portfolio management techniques, 79
position power, 337
positive affectivity, 271
positive reinforcement, 304
postaction control, 436
power
coercive, 331
defined, 329
expert, 331
leadership and, 329–331
legitimate, 329
need for, 299
referent, 331
reward, 330
Pregnancy Discrimination Act, 227
t
preliminary control, 434–435, 435
f
preparation stage of creativity, 280
Prince, The
(Machiavelli), 11, 267
process consultation, 208
process innovations, 211–212
process layouts, 463, 463
f
process perspectives on motivation, 299–304
defined, 299
equity theory, 302
expectancy theory, 299–301, 300
f
goal-setting theory, 302–304, 303
f
procurement, 471
product champion, 214
product departmentalization, 166
product innovations, 211, 212
production, concern for, 333, 334
f
production management.
See
operations
management
productivity
defined, 479
forms of, 479
importance of, 479–480
improving, 481–482
levels of, 479
managing, 478–482
meaning of, 479
quality and, 474–475
trends, 480–481, 481