Discourse Analysis and Vocabulary

WEB DESIGN

• An Example of Bottom-up and Top-down Procedures

• WEB DESIGN

• VOCABULARY

• TOPIC-DEPTH DECIDING

• TOPIC DISCUSSING

• TEXT

• DETAIL SEQUENCING

• OUTCOME
• IDENTIFYING

• STATING POINT CHOOSING

• VOCABULARY
• CATEGORIZATION

• STRUCTURE

• FORMAT

• LEXICAL
• SELECTION

• REGISTER
• SELECTION

• CONTENT,
• AUDIENCE,
• STYLE

• 3.7 Register and Signaling Vocabulary

Register:

• 3.7 Register and Signaling Vocabulary

• Register:
• A set of features of speech or writing characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity or a particular group when engaging in it
• (Formal Eng., Technical Eng., Religious Eng. Journalistic Eng. Academic Eng. Etc.)

• Vocabulary
• Lexical choice depends on
• (1) CONTEXT
• (2) AUDIENCE
• (3) STYLE

Restriction of idiom application:

• The Employment of Idioms

• Restriction of idiom application:
•  It is not always easy to find natural
• contexts in which to present idioms or
• idiomatic expressions.
• Characteristics of idiom application:
•  Idioms or idiomatic phrases are applied to (1) organize discourse, and
• (2) signal evaluation.

• 3.8 Modality

MODALITY:

• 3.8 Modality

• MODALITY:
• Category covering indications either of a kind of speech act or of the degree of certainty with which something is said

• Epistemic Modality
• 認識情態
• Alethic Modality
• 真勢情態
• Root Modality
• (Deontic Modality)
• 義務情態

Modal Verbs

• Means of Making Modality in English

• Modal Verbs
• Adjectivals
• Participials
• Nominal Modal Expressions (be able to, be going to… )
• Modal-like Adjectives (necessary, probable, certain, advisable… )
• Modal-like Adverbs (necessarily, probably, certainly, perhaps, maybe… )
• Parentheticals (I think, I believe, I’m sure… )

He left at once. (declarative)

• Examples of Modal Application

• He left at once. (declarative)
• Leave at once! (imperative)
• He can’t have left. (epistemic)
• You can’t h leave now. (deontic)
• You must leave. (obligation)
• You can leave if you like. (permission)
• He has apparently left. (alethic)

I suppose it’s possible the cat just may have sat on the mat.

• Comparison of Neutral and Modalized Sentences

• I suppose it’s possible the cat just may have sat on the mat.
• The cat sat on the mat.

The difference plays a part in the expression of politeness.

• Difference between Modal Auxiliaries and Modal Expressions

• The difference plays a part in the expression of politeness.
• Modal Auxiliaries:
•  either inherently subjective or objective
• You must wear evening dress to the reception.
• Modal Expressions:
•  predominantly inherently objective
• You have to wear evening dress to the reception.

Stop Writing.

• Relative Politeness and the Number of Modal Expressions (Zhao Caixiang 2002:355)

• Stop Writing.
• It is necessary for you to stop writing.
• It may be necessary for you to stop writing
• It may possibly be necessary for you to stop writing.
• I imagine it may possibly be necessary for you to stop writing.
• I would imagine it may possibly be necessary for you to stop writing.

• INDIRECTNESS LESS POLITE
• MORE POLITE

TIPS FOR THE TEACHING OF SUBJUNTIVE MOOD

• APPENDIX: MODALITY AND SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN ENGLISH (1)

• TIPS FOR THE TEACHING OF SUBJUNTIVE MOOD
• (1)
• (2)
• (3) Were

The interchange of Mandarin MODAL ADVERBS and English MODAL AUXILIARIES in SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD structure.

• APPENDIX: MODALITY AND SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN ENGLISH (2)

• The interchange of Mandarin MODAL ADVERBS and English MODAL AUXILIARIES in SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD structure.

• MODAL ADVERBS
• IN MANDARIN
• 早就 老早
• 應該
• 也許已經 可能已經
• 就會 將會

• MODAL AUXILIARIES
• IN ENGLISH
• SHOULD
• WOULD
• COULD
• MIGHT

• THE END

• Thank you for your attention.
• Your comment will be highly appreciated.

Zhao Caixiang. “An Analysis of Modality and Politeness”. 第六屆全國功能語言學討論會論文集.

• REFERENCES

• Zhao Caixiang. “An Analysis of Modality and Politeness”. 第六屆全國功能語言學討論會論文集.
• 上海: 外語教育 2002
• 施家煒(譯). Scollon, R. Intercultural Communication (A Discourse Approach) 北京: 社會科學文獻. 1995.
• 王福祥. 話語語言學概論. 北京:外語教學與研究. 1994.
• 索振羽. 語用學教程. 北京: 北大出版社. 2000.