Divergence of Judaism and Islam

New York Times, 206
NGOs. See Nongovernmental 
organizations
Nida᾿ul Islam, 109
Nimer, Fares, 248
Nimrodi, Ya῾akov, 313
Nissim of al-Radma, 142n49
Noble Rescript of Gülhane, 19
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 
116
Non-Muslims, 50n53, 126, 173; Austra-
lia, 108–9; children, 23; Crimea, 56; in 
Libya, 192; minorities, 4; Romania, 63; 
schools, 21; societies, 84; undesirables, 
10
Northern California Jewish Bulletin, 206
Northern Ireland, 294
Nu῾ayma, Mikhā᾿īl, 264
Nuclear umbrella, of Israel, 315
Nursi, Said, 115–16
Obrenovic, Milos, 60
Öcalan, 81
October War of 1973, 309
Öger, Vural, 74–75, 80
Oil, 316
Oman, 315
Omar Covenant, 174
Oslo agreement, 5, 292, 314–15
Otets Paisiy, 65
Otherness, of Yemeni Jews, 133–36
Ottoman Empire: Balkans conquered by, 
51–52; Christian anti-Semitism, 52–54; 
decline, 17; Jewish migration, 68n1; 
Libyan Jews in army, 183; millet system, 
52; multiethnic, 1–2; reform, 19; schools, 
23–24. See also Greco-Ottoman War of 
1897
Ottoman-Greek War of 1897, 57
Ottomanism, 19
Ottoman Jews, 2, 5, 174; AIU schools, 24, 
54; blood libel problems, 53, 60; educa-
tion and, 17–25; during Greco-Ottoman 
War of 1897, 29–45; Halakhah, 52; 
Islam conversions, 42–43, 50n50, 50n51, 
50n53; in Izmir, 37–44, 46n1, 46n3; 
journalists, 33; loyalty of, 184; Muslims 
aided by, 41; Muslims embraced by, 
31; patriotism, 29, 33–34, 40–41, 43–45; 
representation, 20; ritualized violence, 
34–36, 48n29; in Salonica, 30–36, 45, 
46n1, 46n2; zeal and noise, 37, 44. See 
also Libyan Jews
Ottoman-Russian War of 1877-1878, 
54–56, 64
Oulad Mansour, 152–53
Ovadia, Abraham, 127
Ozalp, Mehmet, 115
Pacifico, 58
Palestine, 13, 151, 161, 166; British colo-
nialism, 3; Jewish struggle, 4; PLO, 310, 
315. See also Israeli-Palestinian conflict
Palestineophile, 151
Palestinian Arabs, 161
Palestinian Liberation Organization 
(PLO), 310, 315
Palestinian Muslims, 13
Palestinian War (1947-1949), 166
Pan-Am flight 103, 313
Pan-Arab ideology, 306, 310
Paounovsky, Vladimir, 66
Paradise, 271, 276–80, 282–83. See also 
Cave of Makhpelah
Parallel society, 85
Pariah state, Libya as, 314
Pasha, Fuad, 22–23
Pasha, Midhat, 23–24
Patriotism: Libyan Jews, 188; Ottoman 
Jews, 29, 33–34, 40–41, 43–45
Peace Studies Program, Notre Dame 
University, 290
Pearl, Daniel, 110
Pellach, Peta Jones, 112

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348   ·   Index
People of the Book, 136, 157, 170n2, 243
People to people peace building, 
296–97
Peter I, 60
Pichotto, Joseph, 246, 248
Pilgrimages: Libyan Jews, 192, 313; 
Libyan Muslims, 192, 313. See also 
Mecca; Al-Quds
Plato, 260–61
PLO. See Palestinian Liberation 
Organization
Pluralism, 19–20
Politics: Libyan ideology and position, 
306–22; Libyan Jews, 184–89; Yemen, 
125–26
Pollack, Nathan, 233
Poll tax. See Jizya
Popular Revolution, of Al-Qadhafi, 309
Prejudice: Australia Jews against Aus-
tralia Muslims, 111; Australia Mus-
lims against Australia Jews, 107–10; 
against Bukharan Jews, 211
Priest. See Abona
Promised Land, 228, 245
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 108, 109
Al-Qadhafi, Mu῾ammar, 10, 191; iron 
fist domination, 306; Isratin state for-
mula, 316–18, 322; Jewish state and, 
308–10, 312–16; Popular Revolution, 
309; shakeup from, 307; Soviet Union 
and, 311–12; two arms of evil, 308, 
324n3; 2011 rebellion against, 323; 
Zionism attacked by, 13–14, 310–11
Al-Qaida, 317
Qatar, 315
Qattawi, Moshe, 246
Qattawi, Reyné, 246
Quaid, ῾Ali, 132
Al-Quds, 161, 313–14
Quota system. See Seleqṣeqa
Quran, 314; spirit of, 243; tolerant ap-
proach, 241
Rabbinic legend, 280
Racism, 77; German Jews and, 89; 
September 11, 2001 fallout, 80–84. See