Electric current

Early developments

Electricity has been a subject of scientific interest since at least the seventeenth century, but it was not until the nineteenth century that research into the subject began to intensify. Notable developments of that period include the work of Georg Ohm, Michael Faraday, and James Clerk Maxwell. In 1827, Ohm quantified the relationship between the electric current and potential difference in a conductor. In 1831, Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction. In 1873, Maxwell published a unified theory of electricity and magnetism in his treatise on Electricity and Magnetism.^[2]Thomas Edison built the world's first large-scale electrical supply network that provided direct current to customers.During these years, the study of electricity was largely considered a subfield of physics. It was not until the late nineteenth century that universities started to offer academic degrees in electrical engineering. The Darmstadt University of Technology founded the first chair and the first faculty of electrical engineering worldwide in 1882. In 1883, this institution and Cornell University introduced the world's first courses of study in electrical engineering, and in 1885, the University College London founded the first chair of electrical engineering in the United Kingdom.^[3] The University of Missouri subsequently established the first department of electrical engineering in the United States in 1886.^[4]
Dastlabki rivojlanishlar
Elektr energiyasi kamida XVII asrdan beri ilmiy qiziqish mavzusi bo'lib kelgan, ammo faqat XIX asrga kelib bu boradagi tadqiqotlar faollasha boshlagan. O'sha davrning muhim o'zgarishlariga Georg Om, Maykl Faraday va Jeyms Klerk Maksvellning ishlari kiradi. 1827 yilda Om o'tkazgichdagi elektr toki va potentsial farq o'rtasidagi bog'liqlikni aniqladi. 1831 yilda Faraday elektromagnit induksiyani kashf etdi. 1873-yilda Maksvell oʻzining “Elektr va magnetizm” risolasida elektr va magnitlanishning yagona nazariyasini eʼlon qildi.[2]Tomas Edison isteʼmolchilarni toʻgʻridan-toʻgʻri oqim bilan taʼminlaydigan dunyodagi birinchi yirik elektr taʼminoti tarmogʻini qurdi.Shu yillar davomida elektr energiyasini oʻrganish boshlandi. asosan fizikaning kichik sohasi hisoblangan. O'n to'qqizinchi asrning oxiriga qadar universitetlar elektrotexnika bo'yicha ilmiy darajalarni taklif qila boshladilar. Darmshtadt Texnologiya Universiteti 1882 yilda butun dunyo bo'ylab birinchi elektrotexnika kafedrasi va birinchi fakultetiga asos solgan. 1883 yilda ushbu muassasa va Kornel universiteti elektrotexnika bo'yicha dunyodagi birinchi ta'lim kurslarini joriy qilgan va 1885 yilda London Universitet kolleji birinchi elektrotexnika universitetiga asos solgan. Buyuk Britaniyadagi elektrotexnika kafedrasi.[3] Missuri universiteti 1886 yilda Qo'shma Shtatlarda birinchi elektrotexnika bo'limini tashkil etdi.[4]

During this period, the work concerning electrical engineering increased dramatically. In 1882, Thomas Edison switched on the world's first large-scale electrical supply network that provided 110 volts direct current (DC) to 59 customers in lower Manhattan. In 1887, Nikola Tesla filed a number of patents related to a competing form of power distribution known as alternating current (AC). A bitter rivalry ensued between Tesla and Edison over their differing methods of power distribution; it was known as the "War of Currents." Eventually, AC became the preferred method for power generation and distribution, as it was recognized as being safer and more efficient, with a longer distribution range.

Regardless of the rivalry, the efforts of both men did much to further electrical engineering—Tesla's work on induction motors and polyphase systems influenced the field for years to come, while Edison's work on telegraphy and his development of the stock ticker proved lucrative for his company, which ultimately merged with other companies to become General Electric. By the end of the nineteenth century, other key figures in the progress of electrical engineering began to emerge.

Bu davrda elektrotexnika bo'yicha ishlar keskin oshdi. 1882 yilda Tomas Edison Manxettenning pastki qismidagi 59 iste'molchiga 110 voltlik to'g'ridan-to'g'ri tok (to'g'ridan-to'g'ri to'g'ridan-to'g'ri to'g'ridan-to'g'ri) etkazib beradigan dunyodagi birinchi yirik elektr ta'minoti tarmog'ini ishga tushirdi. 1887 yilda Nikola Tesla o'zgaruvchan tok (AC) deb nomlanuvchi quvvat taqsimotining raqobatdosh shakli bilan bog'liq bir qator patentlarni topshirdi. Tesla va Edison o'rtasida kuch taqsimlashning turli usullari tufayli qattiq raqobat yuzaga keldi; u "oqimlar urushi" nomi bilan mashhur edi. Oxir-oqibat, AC elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqarish va tarqatish uchun afzal qilingan usul bo'ldi, chunki u xavfsizroq va samaraliroq, uzoqroq tarqatish diapazoni bilan tanildi.

Raqobatdan qat'i nazar, ikkala odamning sa'y-harakatlari elektrotexnikani yanada rivojlantirish uchun juda ko'p yordam berdi - Teslaning asinxron motorlar va ko'p fazali tizimlar ustidagi ishi kelgusi yillar davomida bu sohaga ta'sir qildi, Edisonning telegrafiyadagi ishi va uning birja savdosini ishlab chiqishi uning kompaniyasi uchun foydali bo'ldi. , u oxir-oqibat General Electric bo'lish uchun boshqa kompaniyalar bilan birlashdi. O'n to'qqizinchi asrning oxiriga kelib, elektrotexnika taraqqiyotining boshqa asosiy ko'rsatkichlari paydo bo'la boshladi.