Encyclopedia of Islam
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Encyclopedia of Islam
Shiism (continued) renewal and reform movements 586 Safavid dynasty 598 Salafism 602 Seljuk dynasty 611 suicide 642 sultan 643 Sunnism 646, 647 tafsir 652–656 Tamerlane 660 theology 668, 669 Twelve-Imam Shiism 676, 677 Umayyad Caliphate 687 United States 692 Wahhabism 704, 705 walaya 707 women 712 Zaydi Shiism 719–720 Zaynab bint Ali ibn Abi Talib 720, 721
Shirazi, Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Qawami al-. see Mullah Sadra
shirk 627–628. See also idolatry Simurgh 551, 628, 633 Sirhindi, Ahmad xliic, 517,
Six-Day War (1967). See Arab- Israeli war (1967) slavery 101, 292, 390, 439, 456, 629–630, 694 Sokoto Caliphate xliiic, 630–631 soul and spirit 89–90, 631–633 Soviet Union Afghanistan 15 Afghan mujahidin 16 Arab-Israeli conflicts 56 Armenians 63 Bukhara 117 Central Asia and the Caucasus 134–135 Chechnya 135 communism 160 Faysal ibn Abd al-Aziz Al Saud 234 Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin 296 Husayn, Saddam 316 Iran 363 Israel 381, 382 Pakistan 542 al-Qaida 564, 565 Syria 649 student 634. See also education Subud 635 Sudan xliiic, xlivc, 635–637 Ansar 45 Funj Sultanate 252 Mahdiyya movement 448 mujahid 498 politics and Islam 556 al-Qaida 565 Sufi Movement 37, 637, 638 Sufi Order International 637,
Sufism xxvi, xxxii, xlic, 639–641 Afghanistan 15 Ahmadiyya 24 Ajmer 26 Alawi 28 Algeria 32 Ali ibn Abi Talib 34 alphabet 40 angel 43 asceticism 66 authority 74 Bamba, Ahmadu 86 Bangladesh 87
Baqli, Ruzbihan 91 batin 95 Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship 96 Bektashi Sufi Order 99–100 biography 103 Bistami, Abu Yazid al- 107 Central Asia and the Caucasus 134 conversion 165 Dar ul-Arqam 184 Delhi Sultanate 189 dervish 192–193
dialogue 197 dietary laws 199 dreams 203 Ghazali, Abu Hamid al- 261
ghulat 264 hadith 279–280 hal 283–284 Hallaj, al-Husayn ibn Mansur al- 285 Hanbali Legal School 288 haqiqa 289 Haqqani, Muhammad Nazim al- 289–290 Hasan al-Basri, al- 294 houri 311 Husayniyya 320 Ibn al-Arabi, Muhyi al-Din 326–327
Ibn al-Farid, Abu Hafs Umar 328–329 Ibn Idris, Ahmad 332 Ibn Taymiyya, Taqi al-Din Ahmad 339–340 Ibrahim ibn Adham 341 India 350–351, 353, 356, 359
Iraq 369 Ismaili Shiism 379 Kashmir 425 Malamati Sufis 450 Malaysia 451 martyrdom 458 Mawdudi, Abu al-Ala 462
Mecca 467, 468 Mevlevi Sufi Order 471–472
miracle 476 Morocco 481 Moses 483 Mullah Sadra 501 murid 502 Muridi Sufi Order 502 murshid 503–504 Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 519 Perfect Man 549 Persian language and literature 551 philosophy 554 qawwali 567–568 Quraysh 575 saint 599 Salafism 601–602 Satanic Verses 605 Shadhili Sufi Order 615–616 Shah, Idries 618 shaykh 622 Sirhindi, Ahmad 628–629 Sufi Order International 637–638
Syria 648 tariqa 663 tawhid 665 tekke 666 theology 669 Twelve-Imam Shiism 679 United States 694 wali 707 West Africa 709 Zaydi Shiism 720
suicide 626–627, 641–643 sultan 643–644 sunna xxv, xxvi, 644–646 Sunnism xxv, xxvi, xxxi,
Abbasid Caliphate 1 Afghanistan 15 African Americans, Islam among 18 Ahmadiyya 24 Akbar 27 Algeria 31 Ali ibn Abi Talib 33 angel 43 Arafat, Yasir 58 Ashari School 66, 67 Ashura 67 Assassins 68 Australia 71 Azhar, al- 79 Bangladesh 86
Berber 100 bidaa 101 Cairo 120 Daoud Ahmed 181 divorce 200 Egypt 210
Gulf States 273 hadith 279 Hanafi Legal School 286–287 Hanbali Legal School 288 heresy 297 Ibadiyya 323 Ibn Hanbal, Ahmad 330–331
Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad 333
Ibn Kathir, Imad al-Din 333
Ibn Taymiyya, Taqi al-Din Ahmad 340 imam 348 India 350, 352 intercession 361 Iraq 367, 369–371 Ismaili Shiism 378 Lebanon 442 Mahdi 447–448 Malaysia 451, 452 Maliki Legal School 455 martyrdom 457, 459 Mary 460 Medina 470 Morocco 481 MSA 509
mufti 487 Mughal dynasty 488, 489 mujahid 500 Murjia 503 Muslim World League 511 Pakistan 541 Philippines 553 politics and Islam 556 purdah 562 renewal and reform movements 586 Seljuk dynasty 611 Shafii Legal School 617 sharia 620 Shiism 623, 624, 626 Sudan 636 Syria 647
Tanzeem-e Islami 661 theology 668 Tunisia 672 Twelve-Imam Shiism 676, 680
ulama 683 Zaynab bint Ali ibn Abi Talib 721
Index
Syria xxxi, xxxviic, xlic, xlvc, xlvic, xlviic, 647–650 Arabian religions, pre- Islamic 53 Arab-Israeli conflicts 56 Baath Party 81–82 Bilal 101 Damascus 180 Hanbali Legal School 288 Haqqani, Muhammad Nazim al- 289 Harun al-Rashid 293 Hashimite dynasty 295 Hizb al-Tahrir al-Islami 303 Hizbullah 305 houses 312 human rights 315 Ibn Kathir, Imad al-Din 333–334
Ismaili Shiism 377 Israel 381 Jerusalem 392 Muslim Brotherhood 508 T Tablighi Jamaat 178, 351, 399, 646, 651–652, 689
Takfir wa’l-Hijra 597, 656–657 Taliban xlviiic, 657–659, 658–659
Afghanistan 16 Afghan mujahidin 16, 17 burqa 119 Deoband 192 dhimmi 195 Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin 296 hisba 303 music 505 oil 533 Pakistan 542 al-Qaida 565 Salafism 602 Twelve-Imam Shiism 681 ulama 685 Tamerlane xliic, 117, 189, 334, 353, 369, 659–660 Tanzeem-e-Islami 660–661 Tanzimat 14, 545, 612, 661– 662, 676 taqwa 223, 662–663 tariqa xxvi, 663–664 tawhid 664–666 tekke 472, 666–667 terrorism xxii, xxvi–xxvii, 667 Abou El Fadl, Khaled 8 Central Asia and the Caucasus 135 Hizb al-Tahrir al-Islami 304 Islam 375 Libya 444 OIC 535
politics and Islam 556–557 al-Qaida 564–566 Saudi Arabia 608 suicide 643 theology 667–670 Timbuktu 670–671, 709 Torah 671–672 covenant 170 holy books 307–309 Idris 345 Israel 380 John the Baptist 404 Judaism and Islam 409–412
Moses 482, 483 Night of Destiny 529 People of the Book 548 prophets and prophethood 559
Quran 570 revelation 589 Satan 603 sunna 645 travel 110, 672 Tunisia xlvic, 672–674, 721 Turkey xxv, xxvii, xlvc,
Alawi 28 alphabet 39 archaeology 60 Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal 68–69
Australia 71 Bahai Faith 85 Basmachi 93–94 Bektashi Sufi Order 99 civil society 153 Haqqani, Muhammad Nazim al- 289
holidays 306 houses 312 Iran 363 Iranian Revolution (1978– 1979) 365 Istanbul 383 madrasa 447 pan-Islamism 545–546 People of the Book 548 Persian language and literature 550 politics and Islam 556 Qadiri Sufi Order 563–564 RP 582–583
Webb, Alexander Russell 709 Turkish language and literature 103, 675–676 Twelve-Imam Shiism xxvi, xliic, 676–682, 678 adhan 13 ahl al-bayt 23 ayatollah 78 batin 95 Bektashi Sufi Order 99 Constitutional Revolution 164
daawa 177 faith 224 ghayba 259 Gulf States 270, 271 ijmaa 345–346 ijtihad 347 India 350 Iran 362 Iranian Revolution (1978– 1979) 365–366 Iraq 367 Jaafar al-Sadiq 387 Kashmir 425 Muhammad al-Mahdi 497 Pakistan 541 Safavid dynasty 598
sharia 620 Shariati, Ali 622 Shiism 624 tawhid 665 ulama 683 Usuli School 699
ulama xxiii, 683–685 Umar ibn al-Khattab xxxviic,
Ali ibn Abi Talib 33 Black Stone 108 caliph 125 Emigrants 213 Hijra 299 Iraq 368 Israel 380 Jerusalem 394 Quran 573 sunna 644 Uthman ibn Affan 700 Umar Tal 686 Umayyad Caliphate xxxi, xxxvix, xxxviiic, 686–687 Abbasid Caliphate 1–2 Ali ibn Abi Talib 33 Andalusia 42 Arabic language and literature 53 Bukhara 117 Cairo 120 caliphate 126 Cordoba 167 daawa 177 Damascus 181 Emigrants 213 Europe 218 Fatimid dynasty 231
Granada 267 Husayn ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib 319 Ibn Hazm, Ali ibn Ahmad ibn Said 331 Ibn Kathir, Imad al-Din 334
India 352 Israel 381 Jaafar al-Sadiq 386 justice 417 Kaaba 420 Mahdi 447 Quraysh 575 renewal and reform movements 586 Saudi Arabia 607 Shiism 624, 626 Twelve-Imam Shiism 677 umma xxv, 687–690 Umm Kulthoum 690 umra 690–691 United Nations (UN) children 137 Faysal ibn Abd al-Aziz Al Saud 234 Gulf States 271 Gulf Wars 273, 274 human rights 314 Husayni, Muhammad Amin al- 318
Iran 364 Israel 382 Kashmir 427 law, international 440 Lebanon 442 Libya 443 OIC 534 PLO 544
World Muslim Congress 714
United States xxii, xxvii, xlvic, xlviiic, 691–696, 692–695 Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud 2 Abd al-Rahman, Umar 4 Afghanistan 16 Afghan mujahidin 16 Arab-Israeli conflicts 56 Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship 95, 96 cinema 148 comic strips and comic books 159 Faysal ibn Abd al-Aziz Al Saud 234 FIA 236
Haqqani, Muhammad Nazim al- 290 Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin 296 holidays 306 human rights 315 Husayn, Saddam 316
K 750 Encyclopedia of Islam United States (continued) Ibn al-Arabi, Muhyi al-Din 326
Id al-Adha 342 Iran 363, 364 Iranian Revolution (1978– 1979) 365 Iraq 371 Islamic Society of North America 375 Ismaili Shiism 377 Israel 382, 383 Khomeini, Ruhollah 435 minaret 475 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 478 MPAC 508, 509 MSA 509–510 Mujahidin-i Khalq 499 Nation of Islam 520 oil 532
Pakistan 542 Philippines 553 PLO 544 al-Qaida 564–566 Qutb, Sayyid 576 Ramadan 581 Rushdie, Salman 594 secularism 610 suicide 642 Webb, Alexander Russell 708–709 university 696–697, 721 Usama bin Ladin xxvii, 697,
Afghan mujahidin 16 Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin 296 Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad 325 jihad movements 399 kafir 422 Muslim Brotherhood 508 al-Qaida 564, 565 Qutb, Sayyid 576 Salafism 602 Saudi Arabia 608 Taliban 658–659
Wahhabism 706 Usman Dan Fodio xliiic, 203, 630, 700 Usuli School 699 Akhbari School 27 ayatollah 78
Iraq 367 mujahid 500 sharia 620 Shiism 625 Twelve-Imam Shiism 679 Uthman ibn Affan xxxviiic,
Ali ibn Abi Talib 33 caliph 125 Emigrants 213 fitna 241 holy books 308 Libya 443 Quran 573 Shiism 624 Umayyad Caliphate 686–687 Uzbekistan 15, 83, 93, 117, 304, 424–425
veil 119, 291, 292, 297–298, 702–703, 711–713 vizier 644, 703 W Wahhabism xliiic, xlvc, 704– 706, 705 Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud 2 Abou El Fadl, Khaled 8 Barelwi, Sayyid Ahmad 92, 93
Gulf States 270 Gulf Wars 277 Hanbali Legal School 288 holidays 306 Husayniyya 321 Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad 324–325 Ibn Idris, Ahmad 332 Ibn Taymiyya, Taqi al-Din Ahmad 339–340
Mecca 468 miracle 476, 477 Muslim Brotherhood 506, 508 Muslim World League 511 oil 533
politics and Islam 556 saint 599 Salafism 601–602 Saudi Arabia 606 soul and spirit 633 Sufism 640 ziyara 724 walaya 598, 706–707 wali 464, 598, 639, 707–708 Webb, Alexander Russell 708–709 West Africa xxvii, 709–710 Bamba, Ahmadu 86 Hijra 299 Ibn Battuta 330
Timbuktu 670–671 Westernization 710–711 women 510, 711, 711–713 abortion 7 African languages and literatures 19 Arabic language and literature 55 Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal 69 authority 74 autobiography 76 Bahai Faith 85 Bangladesh 88 biography 103 birth control and family planning 105 birth rites 106 blood 110 burqa 119 CIE 169
Crusades 175 customary law 176 daawa 178 divorce 200 education 210 Europe 220 Farrakhan, Louis 227
funerary rituals 251 Fyzee, Asaf Ali Asghar 253
Ghazali, Zaynab al- 262– 263
hadith 279 haram 290 harem 291–292 hijab 297–298 honor and shame 309 houri 310–311 houses 312, 313 human rights 314, 315 Husayniyya 321 Ibn al-Arabi, Muhyi al- Din 326
Ibn Hazm, Ali ibn Ahmad ibn Said 331, 332 Id al-Adha 342 Id al-Fitr 343 imam 348 India 350 Iranian Revolution (1978– 1979) 365, 366 Islamism 376 Jamaat-i Islami 388 Jordan 408 Mary 460 Mawdudi, Abu al-Ala 464 Mecca 467 Mernissi, Fatima 471 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 478 Muslim Brotherhood 506–507 prayer 557–558 prophets and prophethood 559–560
purdah 561 Rabia al-Adawiyya 578 RP 583 Saudi Arabia 608 Shaarawi, Huda al- 613 Tunisia 673 ulama 684 United States 693 veil 702 Zaynab bint Ali ibn Abi Talib 720–721 World Muslim Congress 714 World Trade Center attacks (9/11/2001). See September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks World War I AIML 35 Armenians 63 Damascus 181 Husayn ibn Ali 318 Iraq 370 Ottoman dynasty 540 pan-Islamism 546 Qajar dynasty 567 Rashid Rida, Muhammad 582
Syria 648 Y Yemen 104, 312, 715–716, 719, 720 Yom Kippur War. See Arab- Israeli War (1973) Yunus Emre xlic, 717 Z zakat. See almsgiving Zamzam 9, 281, 419, 465, 466, 691, 718–719 Zaydi Shiism 626, 715, 719–720 Zaynab bint Ali ibn Abi Talib 265, 306, 319, 320, 622,
Zaytuna Mosque 721–722 Zionism Arab-Israeli conflicts 56 colonialism 157 communism 161 Hamas 286 Husayni, Muhammad Amin al- 317, 318 Israel 382, 383 Jerusalem 396 Judaism and Islam 413 Palestine 543
599, 722–724, 723 Document Outline
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