Kimyoning asosiy tushuncha va qonunlari. I. Kimyoning asosiy tushunchalari. Atom


I.7. Kimyoviy tenglamalar va ularga koeffissiyentlar tanlash



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I.7. Kimyoviy tenglamalar va ularga koeffissiyentlar tanlash.
Na+O2→ Na2O K+O2→K2O

C+O2→CO Cu+O2→ CuO

Al+O2→Al2O3 P+O2→P2O3

P+O2→P2O5 NH3 + O2 → NO +H2O

CH4 +O2 → CO2 + H2O PH3 +O2 → P2O5 + H2O

SiH4 + O2 → SiO2 + H2O CrO+O2→ Cr2O3

SO2+O2→ SO3 Fe(OH)3→ Fe2O3 + H2O

Cr(OH)3→ Cr2O3 + H2O H3AlO3Al2O3 + H2O

H3CrO3→ Cr2O3 + H2O P2O5 + H2O → H3PO4

Cl2O + H2O → HClO Cl2O3 + H2O → HClO2

Cl2O5 + H2O → HClO3 Cl2O7 + H2O → HClO4

Cl2O7 + NaOH → NaClO4+ H2O SO3 + NaOH → Na2SO4 + H2O

N2O5 + NaOH → NaNO3+ H2O P2O5 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca3(PO4)2 + H2O

Na2O+H2O→ NaOH K2O+ H2O→ KOH

Na2O+HCl→ NaCl + H2O CaO+ HCl → CaCl2 + H2O

Na2O+H2SO4→ Na2SO4 + H2O Na2O+HNO3→ NaNO3 + H2O

CaO+ HNO3 → Ca(NO3)2 + H2O Na2O+P2O5→ Na3PO4

CaO+ P2O5→ Ca3(PO4)2 Al2O3 +HCl → AlCl3 + H2O

Al2O3 + H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + H2O Na + H2O → NaOH +H2

HCl + Na2S → NaCl + H2S K + H2O → KOH +H2

Mg + H2O → Mg(OH)2 +H2 Ca + H2O → Ca(OH)2 +H2

Na2O + H2O → NaOH MgH2 + H2O → Mg(OH)2 +H2

CaH2 + H2O → Ca(OH)2 +H2 CuSO4 + KOH → Cu(OH)2+ K2SO4

MnCl2 + KOH → Mn(OH)2 +KCl Fe(NO3)2 + KOH → Fe(OH)2 + KNO3

CrBr2 + KOH → Cr(OH)2 + KBr Al(NO3) + KOH → Al(OH)3 + KNO3

Ba(OH)2 +HCl → BaCl2 + H2O N2O5 + H2O → HNO3

SO2 + KOH → K2SO3 + H2O CO2 + KOH → K2CO3 + H2O

P2O5 + KOH → K3PO4 + H2O Cl2O + KOH → KClO + H2O

Cl2O3 + KOH → KClO2 + H2O Cl2O5 + NaOH → NaClO3+ H2O

H2 + Cl2 → HCl NaCl + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 +HCl

FeCl2 + H2SO4 → FeSO4 + HCl Al2S3 + H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 +H2S

FeS + HCl → FeCl2 + H2S Na2S + HCl → NaCl + H2S

Al2S3 + HCl → AlCl3 + H2S Na2SiO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2SiO3

Al + HCl → ACl3 + H2 Cu(OH)2 + HCl → CuCl2 + H2O

Cr(OH)2 + HCl → CrCl2 + H2O Fe(OH)3 + HCl → FeCl3 + H2O

Cr(OH)3 + HCl → CrCl3 + H2O Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4 → CuSO4 + H2O

Fe(OH)3 + H2SO4 → Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O Cu(OH)2 + HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + H2O

Fe(OH)3 + HNO3 → Fe(NO3)3 + H2O H2SO4 + Ba(NO3)2 → BaSO4 + HNO3

H3PO4 + CaCl2 → Ca3(PO4)2 + HCl HCl + Na2CO3 → NaCl +H2O + CO2
I. 8. Kimyoviy reaksiyalarlarning turlari


  1. Birikish reaksiyalari

Oddiy moddalarning o’zaro birikishi

Na2O, CaS, CO, Na2S, CO2, CuCl2, P2O3, ZnCl2, SO2, CaCl2, CaO, NH3, HCl, HJ, HBr, H2S, HF, SiO2, MgO, SnCl2, P2O5, AlCl3, Al2O3, CuO, FeCl3, K2O, NaCl, CuS, Cr2S3;


Na + O2 → Na2O K + O2

CII + O2 → CuII + O2

CIV + O2 → Al + O2

PIII + O2 → PV + O2

SIV + O2 → Mg + O2

Ca + O2 → SiIV + O2

H2+Cl2→ H2+S→

H2+Br2→ H2+I2

H2+F2→ H2+N2

SnII+Cl2→ Ca+Cl2

Al+Cl2→ Zn+Cl2

FeIII+Cl2→ CuII+Cl2

Na+Cl2→ Na+S→

CrIII+S→ Ca+S→

Cu+S→

Asosli oksidlarga suvning ta’siri



NaOH, Ba(OH)2, RbOH, Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, KOH;

Na2O + H2O → NaOH K2O + H2O →

Rb2O + H2O → MgO + H2O →

CaO + H2O →

BaO + H2O →



Kislotali oksidlarga suvning ta’siri

H3BO3, HBrO4, HNO2, HBrO3, N2O5, H3AsO4, H3PO4, HClO3, H2SO4, HClO, HClO2, H2SO3, HClO4, H3PO3, HBrO, HNO2+HNO3, HBrO3, H2CO3;

B2O3 + H2O → H3BO3 CO2+ H2O →

N2O3+ H2O → NO2 + H2O →

N2O5 + H2O → P2O3 + H2O →

P2O5 + H2O → SO2 + H2O →

SO3 + H2O → Cl2O + H2O →

Cl2O3 + H2O → Cl2O5 + H2O →

Cl2O7 + H2O → As2O3 + H2O →

Br2O + H2O → Br2O3 + H2O →

Br2O5 + H2O → Br2O7 + H2O →

Asosli oksidlarga kislotali oksidlarning ta’siri



Na3BO3, K3PO4, NaNO2, NaNO3, Ba3(PO3)2, CaCO3, CaSO3, Mg(BrO4)2, NaClO, NaBrO3, KClO3, KBrO, Ca3(AsO4)2, Mg(ClO4)2, Ba(BrO2)2, RbClO2, Na2SO4;

B2O3 + Na2O → Na3BO3 CO2+ CaO → N2O3+ K2O → P2O3 + BaO → P2O5 + K2O → SO2 + CaO → SO3 + Na2O → Cl2O + Na2O → Cl2O3 + Rb2O → Cl2O5 + K2O → Cl2O7 + MgO → As2O3 + CaO → Br2O + K2O → Br2O3 + BaO → Br2O5 + Na2O → Br2O7 + MgO →

N2O5 + Na2O →


  1. O’rin olish reaksiyalari

Metal oksidlariga vodorodning ta’siri

FeO+H2→ Fe +H2O; CuO+H2

Fe2O3+H2→ CrO+H2

Cr2O3+H2→ ZnO+H2

SnO+H2→ WO3+H2



Metal oksidlariga is gazining ta’siri

FeO+CO→ Fe +CO2; CuO+CO→

Fe2O3+CO→ CrO+CO→

Cr2O3+CO→ ZnO+CO→

SnO+CO→ WO3+CO→



Metallarga kislotalarning ta’sri

Na+HCl→ NaCl +H2; Ca+HCl→

K+HCl→ Zn+HCl→

Fe+HCl→ Na+H2SO4

Ca+H2SO4→ K+H2SO4

Zn+H2SO4→ Fe+H2SO4

Na+H2SO3→ Ca+H2SO3

K+H2SO3→ Zn+H2SO3

Fe+H2SO3



  1. Parchalanish reaksiyalari

Tuzlarning parchalanishi

NaHCO3→ Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O

KHCO3

CaCO3→ CaO + CO2

MgCO3

AgNO3→ Ag + NO2 + O2

Hg(NO3)2

Cu(NO3)2→ CuO + NO2 + O2

Mg(NO3)2

NaNO3→ NaNO2 + O2

KNO3

CaSO3→CaO + SO2

BaSO3

BeSO3

Na2SO3



Asoslarning parchalanishi

Fe2O3, Al2O3, FeO, ZnO, CuO,

MnO, Cr2O3, CrO;



Fe(OH)3→ Fe2O3 + H2O

Fe(OH)2→ … + H2O;

Cu(OH)2→ … + H2O

Cr(OH)3→ … + H2O;

Cr(OH)2→ … + H2O

Mn(OH)2→ …+ H2O;

Zn(OH)2→ … + H2O

Al(OH)3



Kislotalarning parchalanishi

SO2, Cr2O3, SiO2, ZnO, CO2, Al2O3; H2SO3→ SO2 + H2O;

H2SiO3→…+ H2O

H2CO3→…+ H2O;

H3AlO3…+ H2O

H2ZnO2→…+ H2O;

H3CrO3→…+ H2O


  1. Almashinish reaksiyalari

Asoslar va kislotalarning o’zaro ta’siri

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

KOH+HCl→

Ba(OH)2+HCl→

Mg(OH)2+HCl→

Ca(OH)2+HCl→

Al(OH)3+HCl→

Cu(OH)2+HCl→

Fe(OH)3+HCl→

Fe(OH)2+HCl→

NaOH+H2SO4→ Na2SO4 + H2O

KOH+H2SO4→ Ba(OH)2+H2SO4

Mg(OH)2+H2SO4→ Ca(OH)2+H2SO4

Al(OH)3+H2SO4→ Cu(OH)2+H2SO4

Fe(OH)3+H2SO4→ Fe(OH)2+H2SO4

Zn(OH)2+H2SO4

NaOH+HNO3→ NaNO3 + H2O

KOH +HNO3→ Ba(OH)2+HNO3

Mg(OH)2+HNO3→ Ca(OH)2+HNO3

Al(OH)3+HNO3→ Cu(OH)2+HNO3

Fe(OH)3+HNO3→ Fe(OH)2+HNO3

Zn(OH)2+HNO3


Tuzlarga kislotalarning ta’siri

Na2CO3+HCl→ NaCl + CO2 + H2O

NaHCO3+HCl→

K2CO3+HCl→

KHCO3+HCl→

CaCO3+HCl→

Ca(HCO3)2+HCl→

MgCO3+HCl→

Mg(HCO3)2+HCl→

Na2CO3+H2SO4→Na2SO4 + H2O

NaHCO3+H2SO4→ K2CO3+H2SO4

KHCO3+H2SO4

CaCO3+H2SO4

MgCO3+H2SO4→ Mg(HCO3)2+H2SO4


Tuzlarga asoslarning ta’siri

CuSO4+KOH→ K2SO4 + Cu(OH)2

FeCl3+KOH→ Zn(NO3)2+KOH→

Fe2(SO4)3+KOH→

CrCl2+KOH→

CrCl3+KOH→ Al(NO3)3+KOH→

MnSO4+KOH→

CuSO4+NaOH→

FeCl3+NaOH→ Zn(NO3)2+NaOH→

Fe2(SO4)3+NaOH→

CrCl2+NaOH→

CrCl3+NaOH→ Al(NO3)3+NaOH→

MnSO4+NaOH→



Tuzlarning o’zaro ta’siri

NaCl + AgNO3 → NaNO3 + AgCl

KCl+AgNO3

BaCl2+AgNO3

Na2SO4+BaCl2

K2SO4+Ba(NO3)2

Na2S+CuSO4

K2S+Zn(NO3)2


Tuzlarning gidrolizi(suv bilan ta’siri)

Al2S3+H2O→Al(OH)3 + H2S

AlN+H2O→

CH3COONH4+H2O→

CaC2+H2O→

Al4C3+H2O→

Cr2S3+H2O→





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