Later victorian novelists

aldermen - local government official

ale - alcoholic beverage made from hops and malt, similar to beer, but heavier and stronger than beer.

almshouse - privately funded lodgings for the poor, as opposed to the workhouse, which was publicly funded.

apoplexy - a crippling stroke, sometimes fatal, usually associated with sudden loss of muscle control or paralysis.

apothecary - one who prepares drugs and medicines, sometimes made house calls, and gave advice concerning medical conditions; lowest order of medical man.

apprentice - one who is bound by agreement to work for another for a specific amount of time (usually seven years) in return for instruction in a trade, art or business. Since their hours were so long, apprentices usually lived in makeshift lodgings provided by their employers. The master was paid a fee. When one finished, they were a journeyman and able to hire themselves out to others for wages. Pip was apprenticed to Joe Gargary in Great Expectations.

articled clerks - young men who were apprenticed to lawyers for 5 years.

assizes - sessions held twice a year in areas outside London where law cases, too serious to be tried by local justice, were presided over by circuit-riding London judges. The assizes usually commenced with great ceremony.

Astley's - theatre operated by Philip Astley from 1774 located on the Surrey side of the Thames. Featuring several rings of action and horse riding displays, Astley's is considered the forerunner of the modern circus.

11. Austin Friars - monastery of Hermits of Saint Augustine in the heart of the City of London; founded, 1253, by Bohun, Earl of Hereford.

Bibliography
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Thaller, M. (2007). Cool cosmos. Retrieved August 27, 2007 from http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/.
Nicolson Baker, The Anthologist (London: Simon and Shuster, 2009), 151–2.
(2) . Arthur Quiller-Couch, ed., The Oxford
Book of Victorian Verse (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1912), ix.
(3) . Christopher Ricks, ed., The Oxford Book of Victorian Verse (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), xxv.
(4) . Daniel Karlin, ed., The Penguin Book of Victorian Verse (London: Penguin, 1997), xxxiii-iv.
(5) . Valentine Cunningham, ed., The Victorians: An Anthology of Poetry and Poetics (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), xlii.
(6) . A. E. Housman, ‘1887’, The Poems of A. E. Housman, ed. Archie Burnett (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), 3.
(7) . Richard Howard, ‘November, 1889’, in Selected Poems, ed. Hugh Haughton and
Adam Phillips (London: Penguin, 1991), 67.
(8) . Richard Cronin, ‘Victorian poetry: An Overview’, in The Cambridge History of English Poetry, ed. Michael O’Neill (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 576.
(9) . A. E. Housman, ‘Preface to Manilius’, in A. E. Housman: Collected Poems and Selected Prose, ed. Christopher Ricks (London: Penguin, 1988), 378.
(10) . Philip Davis, The Victorians (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 457.
(11) . Austin Dobson, ‘On the Hurry of This Time’, in Decadent Verse: An Anthology of Late Victorian Poetry, 1872–1900, ed. Caroline Blyth (London: Anthem, 2011), 455.
(12) . Alfred Tennyson, quoted in Hallam Tennyson, ed., Tennyson and His Friends (London: Macmillan, 1911), 357.
(13) . Matthew Arnold, quoted in Ian Hamilton, A Gift Imprisoned: The Poetic Life of Matthew Arnold (London: Bloomsbury, 1999), 156.
(14) . Thomas Arnold, Passages in a Wandering Life (London: Edward Arnold, 1900), 243.
(15) . Henry Mayhew, 1851: or, The Adventures of Mr and Mrs Sandyboys and Family (London: Bogue, 1851), 129.
(16) . Thomas Carlyle, ‘The Hero as Poet’, in On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & The Heroic in History (London: James Fraser, 1841),
161. On Carlyle’s complex engagements with the idea of poetry as a form of work, see Marcus Waithe, ‘The Pen and the Hammer: Thomas Carlyle, Ebenezer Elliott, and the “Active Poet”’, in Class and the Canon: Constructing Labouring-Class Poetry and Poetic 1780–1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), 116–135.
(17) . Walter Pater, in Selected Writings of Walter Pater, ed. Harold Bloom (New York: American Library, 1974), 105
(18) . Elizabeth Barrett, letter to Robert Browning (20 March 1845), in The Brownings’ Correspondence, ed. P. Kelley and S. Lewis (Winfield: Kansas: Wedgestone Press, 1992), x. 103.
(19) . Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Aurora
Leigh, ed. Margaret Reynolds (New York: Norton, 1996), 27, 72 (Book I, lines 747–8, & Book II, lines 1233–4).
(20) . Thomas Hood, ‘The Song of the Shirt’, in Selected Poems of Hood, Praed and Beddoes, ed. Susan Wolfson and Peter J. Manning (London: Penguin, 2000), 141.
(21) . John Davidson, ‘Thirty Bob a Week’, in The Poems of John Davidson, ed. Andrew Turnbull, 2 vols (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1973), i. 65.
(22) . John Davidson, ‘Pre-Shakespearianism’, Speaker, XIX (28 January 1899), 258–9.
(23) . See Matthew Bevis, ‘Tennyson’s Humour’, in Tennyson Among the Poets: Bicentenary Essays, ed. Seamus Perry and
Robert Douglas-Fairhurst (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 240, 253.
John Davidson, ‘Thirty Bob a Week’, in The Poems of John Davidson, ed. Andrew Turnbull, 2 vols (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1973), i. 65.
(22) . John Davidson, ‘Pre-Shakespearianism’, Speaker, XIX (28 January 1899), 258–9.
(23) . See Matthew Bevis, ‘Tennyson’s Humour’, in Tennyson Among the Poets: Bicentenary Essays, ed. Seamus Perry and Robert Douglas-Fairhurst (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 240, 253.
(24) . Alfred Tennyson, ‘Mariana’ and In Memoriam (section V), in Tennyson: A Selected Edition, ed. Christopher Ricks, rev. edn. (Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2007), 4, 349.
(25) . Alfred Tennyson, ‘The Lady of Shalott’, Tennyson: A Selected Edition, 21.
(26) . J. H. Prynne, Field Notes: The Solitary Reaper and Others (Cambridge: Barque Press, 2007), 89.
(27) . John Ruskin, ‘Notes on Millais’, in The Library Edition of the Works of John Ruskin, ed. E. T. Cook and Alexander Wedderburn, 39 vols. (London: George Allen, 1903–12), xiv. 496.
(28) . Alfred Tennyson, ‘Ulysses’, in Tennyson: A Selected Edition, 142–4.
(29) . Alfred Tennyson, ‘The Lotos-Eaters’, in Tennyson: A Selected Edition, 74.
(30) . John Stuart Mill, Principles of Political Economy, ed. Stephen Nathanson (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 2004), 39.