Ministry of higher and secondary special education of the republic of uzbekistan university of languages 2nd faculty of foreign language and literature 2nd year 2010 group student
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Ibrohimova Malika
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- Scientific advisor: Nosirova Gulnora Madaminovna
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MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIAL EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES 2nd FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 2nd year 2010 GROUP STUDENT Ibrohimova Malika COURSE WORK Subject : Development of detective genre. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Scientific advisor: Nosirova Gulnora Madaminovna Илмий рахбар томонидан берилган ТАК,РИЗ Исми, шарифи _____________________________________________________ __________________________________________фанидан ёзган курс иши ___________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Маскур курс иши якунланган деб ҳисоблайман ва уни ҳимояга тавсия этаман. Так,ризчи _____________ _______ (исм фамилия) (имзо) “___”______2022 йил “Тасдик,лайман” _______________ Кафедра мудири “___”_____________2022йил КУРС ИШИ ЛОЙИХАСИ Гурух 2010 Талаба Иброхимова Малика Рахбар________________________________________ ТОПШИРИК, Ишлайдиган лойиха (мавзу)______________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Бошланғич маълумотлар________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ К,улланмалар____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Чизма к,исмининг тузилиши________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ёзма к,исмининг тузилиши________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ К,ушимча вазифа ва курсатмалар__________________________________________________ Курс иши лойихасини бажариш режаси DEVELOPMENT OF DETECTIVE GENRE. “SIR ARTHUR” CONON DOYLE CONTENTS: Introduction Main part: Historical development of the detective genre Sir Arthur Conan Doyle biography Arthur Conan Doyle works Conclusion References INTRODUCTION The aim of this bachelor thesis is to define and describe the genre of detective fiction and prove that detective fiction, especially English branch, is a complex and fully fledged genre with all the properties of a respectable literary genre. The detective fiction was for the long time considered as the lowerstyle of literature.The works of this type were seen as not worth writing, neither worth reading but nevertheless, they were able to attract people´s attention and later also great popularity. At the beginning of the nineteenth century this opinion was very wide-spread but in spite of these attitudes there are stories containing the detection of a crime as their main story line.In the first chapter of this thesis we would like to prove that the history of the detective fiction is much more complicated and longer as it may seem. The thesis will try to trace the origin of the first detective stories throughout the literary history and point out the most significant works of this genre. To establish the milestones in the detective literature would not be possible without the proper definition of the detective fiction genre and, therefore,the definition of the genre and the subgenres will be provided. The first chapter will also try to distinguish the British detective genre from the American genre. The comparison of these two types of detective literature will be based on the most significant distinctive elements of both styles, focusing mainly on the English detective fiction.The following chapter will be describe in more detail the characteristic traces of the English detective fiction considering mostly the works written at the turn of the centuries, the works of Arthur Conan Doyle, and the period between the World War I and World War II. This era of the detective literature is known as the Golden Age of detective fiction. The analysis of the particular elements of the English detective genre will be based on the samples from the novels and short stories of the chosen authors, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Gilbert Keith Chesterton and Dame Agatha Christie. Beside the figure of the Great detective the thesis will focus on the description of the fearless woman detective in the dangerous male world of criminals, the figure of the detective´s companion and his function in the story. Another examined element of English detective genre will be the position of the religion and the figure of the religious amateur detective and finally the setting of the stories that is very characteristic of the English detective genre. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s series about the famous consulting detective Sherlock Holmes is not the first representative of the detective genre: it was preceded, for example, by Willkie Collins novels (The Moonstone among others), several stories by Edgar Alan Poe, The Mystery of Edwin Drood by Charles Dickens. It was also not the first work to introduce the genre trope “the great detective and their naive assistant”. An earlier, but less famous example of this trope is, for example. The detective Auguste Dupin from the stories of Edgar Alan Poe (Murder on Morgue Street and some others). However, it was Sherlock Holmes who popularized the detective genre – the fame of the series even overshadowed its creator, Conan Doyle, who, incidentally, considered his detectives much less worthwhile and serious than his historical novels Between two world wars in the United Kingdom, a literary movement called the Golden Age of Detective Fiction was formed (Borisenko: 2016, Zakirov et at al.: 2017). There are still disputes about the exact definition of the direction, as well as its time and territorial framework, but in this case, we are only interested in the works belonging to the movement, among the most prominent representatives of which are Chesterton, Agatha Christie, Dorothy L. Sayers, Ngaio Marsh and others. The purpose of our work is to establish the influence of the works of A.C. Doyle on authors of the so-called Golden Age of Detective Fiction, focusing on the commonality of the conceptual framework and the system of the characters. Historical Development of the Detective Genre
Following the fact that the witnesses are at the same time her judges, young prophet Daniel intervenes into the process and reveals the inaccuracies in their testimonies. This tale contains the marks of a modern detective story represented by an individual interested in the destiny of innocent humans. By thorough investigation, analytic approach and final presentation of all collected facts in front of the audience, Daniel reveals the truth. Proceeding in time, located approximately in the eight century After Christ, another collection of stories bearing marks of detective genre was written, the Arabic tales One Thousand and One Nights. From all the tales, “The Three Apples” is the best example. The tale begins with finding a chest containing a corpse of an unknown woman. Caliph Harun al-Rashid orders one of his viziers to find the killer within three days. The tangled story with unexpected plot twists is, at the beginning, unsuccessful, but with the shortening of time leading to the punishment of the vizier, he unexpectedly finds the final key to the crime. Again, there can be found the figure of a higher authority demanding the punishment of the murderer and the man ordered to collect the clues, to find the witnesses,and finally to untangle the mystery. These are undoubtedly the traces of the detective genre. Definition of the Detective Genre and its Subgenres The analysis of the history of detective genre demands the proper definition of this genre. To define the detective novel is from many aspects difficult. Tzvetan Todorov in his study “The Typology of Detective Fiction” described three main sub-categories of this genre. For the first type, Todorov establishes the novel containing a mystery called whodunit. The second subgenre is the genre of a thriller and the final type is so-called suspense novel combining elements of the first and the second type. This classification does not describe the development of completely distinct forms. They are all types of detective fiction coexisting together but following different rules. Their development is therefore not diachronic but each of the subgenres bears similar signs with one distinctive trace. The completely distinct forms of the detective genre, placing the emphasis on thecriminal part of the story, are hard-boiled mode and police procedural. These styles were spread and popular in the United States. In Britain, the emphasis was placed on the pure detective investigation and tension arising from uncertainty of revealing the real criminal. Numerous authors represent the American hard-boiled mode. From the American authors for illustration Dashiell Hammett, Raymond Chandler or John Dickson Carr. John Scaggs defines the police procedural as the most popular style in the United States after the World War II. “The police procedural is a sub-genre of detective fiction that examines how a team of professional policemen (and women) work together.” The distinction from British traditions is visible in dominant work of a police team, not an individual detective. The police procedural is a typical writing style of authors like Ed McBain2 or Chester Himes. A Brief History of Detective Fiction_NovelSuspectsDetective fiction is one of the most popular literary genres, and has been for centuries, but where did the genre come from? Why did mystery, suspense, and crime fiction become such a huge part of literature and popular culture? And how has the detective A Brief History of Detective Fiction_NovelSuspectsDetective fiction is one of the most popular literary genres, and has been for centuries, but where did the genre come from? Why did mystery, suspense, and crime fiction become such a huge part of literature and popular culture? And how has the detective genre changed in the past 200+ years? Detective fiction can be traced back to the 1800s, around the time of the Industrial Revolution. Before this time, most people lived in smaller towns and worked and socialized in closer circles, so people knew everyone they came into contact with for the most part. ________________________________ 2Ed McBain is one of the many pseudonyms of Evan Hunter who was born with the name Salvatore Albert Lombino. At the age of 26 Lombino legally adopted the name Evan Hunter but many of his novels were still written under the pseudonyms. But with the rise of industrial jobs, more people began moving to cities, which lead to interacting with more strangers on a daily basis, a heightened sense of suspicion and uncertainty, and yes, more crime. It was around this time too where police forces were first established. London’s police force came to be in 1829, and New York City got its police force in 1845. With more people living in cities and crime rates on the rise, the setting was right for detective genres to flourish. The first modern detective story is often thought to be Edgar Allan Poe’s The Murders in the Rue Morgue, a short story published in 1841 that introduced the world to private detective Monsieur C. Auguste Dupin. In fact, detective fiction was so new when Dupin entered the literary world that the word “detective” hadn’t even been used in English before. The first detective novel followed soon after with British author Wilkie Collins’s The Moonstone. The story was first serialized in Charles Dickens’s journal All the Year Round. And in 1868, it was released as a complete novel. This novel is significant not just because it’s the first detective novel, but also because it established many of the classic tropes and attributes of the detective novel. The Moonstone‘s detective character Sergeant Cuff was based on the real-life detective Inspector Jonathan Whicher, one of the first ever detectives of Scotland Yard. The detective character who really shaped the way we see literary detectives to this day, however, is probably someone you’ve guessed already: Sherlock Holmes. Not only is he the most famous detective character to ever be written, Sherlock Holmes is one of the most popular characters in fiction ever. Holmes was inspired in part on Poe’s detective Dupin, but he was also based on a real man: Dr. Joseph Bell. Bell was a surgeon and lecturer at the University of Edinburgh. Sherlock Holmes author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle met Dr. Bell in 1877, and Doyle has said he modeled Holmes’s quick wit and intelligence off of Bell. The first Sherlock Holmes novel, A Study in Scarlet came out in 1887, and Doyle continued to write Sherlock Holmes novels and short stories until around 1927. 1920 to 1939 came to be known as the Golden Age of Detective Fiction. And the queen of his age was Agatha Christie. During her lifetime, Agatha Christie wrote sixty-six detective novels and fourteen short story collections. Her novel And Then There Were None remains one of the best-selling books of all time, and as of 2018, the Guinness World Records listed Christie as the best-selling fiction writer of all time. Christie is responsible for creating not one but two of the most famous detectives in literary history: Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple. These detective characters remain highly influential to contemporary crime fiction writers. Christie and other authors from the Golden Age of Detective Fiction have created a legacy of detective novels based on gathering clues and solving crimes as if they were puzzles the reader can solve with the detective. In contemporary literature, this style has evolved into what we now call cozy mysteries. In response to the Golden Age authors, some American writers began to examine and reconsider the formula for detective fiction. Many people started to think of puzzle-solving crime fiction as too unrealistic and too clean. These authors and their readers were looking for crime novels that were more based in reality and the way real crimes happen. And so the hardboiled detective genre was born. These stories included detectives that were dealing with corrupt cops and organized crime. Hardboiled crime novels create a world where it’s every man for himself, and the detective can trust no one. While hardboiled detective fiction emerged as early as the 1920s, the detective genre really took off in America in the 1930s-1950s. One of the most popular hardboiled detective novels from this period is Raymond Chandler’s The Big Sleep, the novel that introduced readers to the detective Philip Marlowe. This character would go on to feature in many of Chandler’s short stories and novels. And you’ll find many film adaptations featuring this hardboiled detective as well. That leads us to where we are today with fictional detectives in contemporary crime fiction. Now, mystery and suspense fiction is more popular than ever. What that means is that there is room for many types of detective genres answering to readers’ specific tastes and interests. If you’re looking for supernatural detective stories, they’re out there. If you enjoy the realism and grittiness of the hardboiled detective genre, it’s still out there. If you want to revisit familiar and beloved detective characters, there are plenty of newer adaptations of classic detectives. For instance, give Sherry Thomas’s Lady Sherlock series a try. It really is a great time to be a mystery reader. genre changed in the past 200+ years? Detective fiction can be traced back to the 1800s, around the time of the Industrial Revolution. Before this time, most people lived in smaller towns and worked and socialized in closer circles, so people knew everyone they came into contact with for the most part. But with the rise of industrial jobs, more people began moving to cities, which lead to interacting with more strangers on a daily basis, a heightened sense of suspicion and uncertainty, and yes, more crime. It was around this time too where police forces were first established. London’s police force came to be in 1829, and New York City got its police force in 1845. With more people living in cities and crime rates on the rise, the setting was right for detective genres . Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle KStJ DL (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a British writer and physician. He created the character Sherlock Holmes in 1887 for A Study in Scarlet, the first of four novels and fifty-six short stories about Holmes and Dr. Watson. The Sherlock Holmes stories are milestones in the field of crime fiction.Doyle was a prolific writer; other than Holmes stories, his works include fantasy and science fiction stories about Professor Challenger and humorous stories about the Napoleonic soldier Brigadier Gerard, as well as plays, romances, poetry, non-fiction, and historical novels. One of Doyle's early short stories, "J. Habakuk Jephson's Statement" (1884), helped to popularise the mystery of the Mary Celeste.Doyle is often referred to as "Sir Arthur Conan Doyle" or "Conan Doyle", implying that "Conan" is part of a compound surname rather than a middle name. His baptism entry in the register of St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh, gives "Arthur Ignatius Conan" as his given names and "Doyle" as his surname. It also names Michael Conan as his godfather. The catalogues of the British Library and the Library of Congress treat "Doyle" alone as his surname. Steven Doyle, publisher of The Baker Street Journal, wrote: "Conan was Arthur's middle name. Shortly after he graduated from high school he began using Conan as a sort of surname. But technically his last name is simply 'Doyle'." When knighted, he was gazetted as Doyle, not under the compound Conan Doyle.3 Doyle was born on 22 May 1859 at 11 Picardy Place, Edinburgh, Scotland. His father, Charles Altamont Doyle, was born in England, of Irish Catholic descent, and his mother, Mary (née Foley), was Irish Catholic. __________________________ 3Malgrem, Carl D. “Anatomy of Murder: Mystery, Detective, and Crime Fiction His parents married in 1855. In 1864 the family scattered because of Charles's growing alcoholism, and the children were temporarily housed across Edinburgh. Arthur lodged with Mary Burton, the aunt of a friend, at Liberton Bank House on Gilmerton Road, while studying at Newington Academy. In 1867, the family came together again and lived in squalid tenement flats at 3 Sciennes Place. Doyle's father died in 1893, in the Crichton Royal, Dumfries, after many years of psychiatric illness. Beginning at an early age, throughout his life Doyle wrote letters to his mother, and many of them were preserved. Supported by wealthy uncles, Doyle was sent to England, to the Jesuit preparatory school Hodder Place, Stonyhurst in Lancashire at the age of nine (1868–70). He then went on to Stonyhurst College, which he attended until 1875. While Doyle was not unhappy at Stonyhurst, he said he did not have any fond memories of it because the school was run on medieval principles: the only subjects covered were rudiments, rhetoric, Euclidean geometry, algebra and the classics. 1Doyle commented later in his life that this academic system could only be excused "on the plea that any exercise, however stupid in itself, forms a sort of mental dumbbell by which one can improve one's mind." He also found the school harsh, noting that, instead of compassion and warmth, it favoured the threat of corporal punishment and ritual humiliation. From 1875 to 1876, he was educated at the Jesuit school Stella Matutina in Feldkirch, Austria. His family decided that he would spend a year there in order to perfect his German and broaden his academic horizons. He later rejected the Catholic faith and became an agnostic.One source attributed his drift away from religion to the time he spent in the less strict Austrian school. He also later became a spiritualist mystic.From 1876 to 1881, Doyle studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh Medical School; during this period he spent time working in Aston (then a town in Warwickshire, now part of Birmingham), Sheffield and Ruyton-XI-Towns, Shropshire. Also during this period, he studied practical botany at the Royal Botanic Garden in Edinburgh.] While studying, Doyle began writing short stories. His earliest extant fiction, "The Haunted Grange of Goresthorpe", was unsuccessfully submitted to Blackwood's Magazine. His first published piece, "The Mystery of Sasassa Valley", a story set in South Africa, was printed in Chambers's Edinburgh Journal on 6 September 1879. On 20 September 1879, he published his first academic article, "Gelsemium as a Poison" in the British Medical Journal, a study which The Daily Telegraph regarded as potentially useful in a 21st-century murder investigation. Doyle was the doctor on the Greenland whaler Hope of Peterhead in 1880. On 11 July 1880, John Gray's Hope and David Gray's Eclipse met up with the Eira and Leigh Smith. The photographer W.J.A. Grant took a photograph aboard the Eira of Doyle along with Smith, the Gray brothers, and ship's surgeon William Neale, who were members of the Smith expedition. That expedition explored Franz Josef Land, and led to the naming, on 18 August, of Cape Flora, Bell Island, Nightingale Sound, Gratton ("Uncle Joe") Island, and Mabel Island. After graduating with Bachelor of Medicine and Master of Surgery (M.B. C.M.) degrees from the University of Edinburgh in 1881, he was ship's surgeon on the SS Mayumba during a voyage to the West African coast. He completed his Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree (an advanced degree beyond the basic medical qualification in the UK) with a dissertation on tabes dorsalis in 1885. In 1882, Doyle partnered with his former classmate George Turnavine Budd in a medical practice in Plymouth, but their relationship proved difficult, and Doyle soon left to set up an independent practice. Arriving in Portsmouth in June 1882, with less than £10 (£1100 in 2019) to his name, he set up a medical practice at 1 Bush Villas in Elm Grove, Southsea.The practice was not successful. While waiting for patients, Doyle returned to writing fiction. Doyle was a staunch supporter of compulsory vaccination and wrote several articles advocating the practice and denouncing the views of anti-vaccinators. In early 1891, Doyle embarked on the study of ophthalmology in Vienna. He had previously studied at the Portsmouth Eye Hospital in order to qualify to perform eye tests and prescribe glasses. Vienna had been suggested by his friend Vernon Morris as a place to spend six months and train to be an eye surgeon. But Doyle found it too difficult to understand the German medical terms being used in his classes in Vienna, and soon quit his studies there. For the rest of his two-month stay in Vienna, he pursued other activities, such as ice skating with his wife Louisa and drinking with Brinsley Richards of the London Times. He also wrote The Doings of Raffles Haw. After visiting Venice and Milan, he spent a few days in Paris observing Edmund Landolt, an expert on diseases of the eye. Within three months of his departure for Vienna, Doyle returned to London. He opened a small office and consulting room at 2 Upper Wimpole Street, or 2 Devonshire Place as it was then. (There is today a Westminster City Council commemorative plaque over the front door.) He had no patients, according to his autobiography, and his efforts as an ophthalmologist were a failure.In 1885 Doyle married Louisa (sometimes called "Touie") Hawkins (1857–1906). She was the youngest daughter of J. Hawkins, of Minsterworth, Gloucestershire, and the sister of one of Doyle's patients. Louisa suffered from tuberculosis.In 1907, the year after Louisa's death, he married Jean Elizabeth Leckie (1874–1940). He had met and fallen in love with Jean in 1897, but had maintained a platonic relationship with her while his first wife was still alive, out of loyalty to her. Jean outlived him by ten years, and died in London. Doyle fathered five children. He had two with his first wife: Mary Louise (1889–1976) and Arthur Alleyne Kingsley, known as Kingsley (1892–1918). He had an additional three with his second wife: Denis Percy Stewart (1909–1955), who became the second husband of Georgian Princess Nina Mdivani; Adrian Malcolm (1910–1970); and Jean Lena Annette (1912–1997).None of Doyle's five children had children of their own, so he has no living direct descendants. Arthur Conan Doyle was very prolific before, during and after Sherlock Holmes. He wrote more than 300 fictions (including 24 novels) of all genres like history, fantasy, adventure, science-fiction, crimes, drama, war... and more than 1200 other works as essays, pamphlets, articles, letters to the press, poems, interviews, plays... on every subjects such as politics, spiritualism, war, crimes, etc. This is the full bibliography of his published writings.At the age of 9, Doyle was sent to England to Hodder Place, Stonyhurst, a Jesuit preparatory school, where he remained from 1868 to 1870. Doyle then studied at Stonyhurst College for the next five years. He then decided to pursue a medical degree at the University of Edinburgh. At medical school, Doyle met his mentor, Professor Dr. Joseph Bell, whose keen powers of observation would inspire Doyle to create his famous fictional detective character, Sherlock Holmes. While a medical student, Doyle made his first attempt to write, with a story called «The Mystery of Sasassa Valley». That was followed by a second story, «The American Tale», which was published in London Society. During Doyle’s third year of medical school, he served as a surgeon on a whaling ship that sailed around the Arctic Circle. The voyage awakened Doyle’s sense of adventure, a sentiment he incorporated into a story, «The Captain of the “Pole-Star».In 1880, Doyle returned to medical school. Back at the University of Edinburgh, Doyle became increasingly devoted to spiritualism or «psychic religion», a belief system he would later attempt to spread through a series of his written works. By the time he received his medical degree in 1881, Doyle had denounced his Roman Catholic faith. Doyle’s first paid job as a physician was aboard the steamship Mayumba, which traveled from Liverpool to Africa. After his time on the Mayumba, Doyle settled in Plymouth, England. When his funds were nearly exhausted, he moved to Portsmouth and opened his first practice. He spent the next few years struggling to balance his burgeoning medical career with his efforts to gain recognition as an author. Doyle would later abandon medicine altogether, to devote his full attention to his writing and his faith. In 1885, while still struggling to become a writer, Doyle met and married his first wife, Louisa Hawkins. The couple moved to Upper Wimpole Street and had a daughter and son. In 1893, Louisa was diagnosed with tuberculosis. While Louisa was ill, Doyle developed an affection for a young woman named Jean Leckie. Louisa eventually died of tuberculosis in Doyle’s arms in 1906. The following year, Doyle married Jean Leckie, with whom he had two sons and a daughter. In 1886, newly married and still struggling to make it as an author, Doyle began writing the mystery novel «A Tangled Skein». Two years later, the novel was renamed «A Study in Scarlet» and published in Beeton’s Christmas Annual. This work introduced for the first time the popular characters, the Detective Sherlock Holmes and his assistant, Watson, and finally earned Doyle the recognition he had long desired. After being diagnosed with angina, Doyle ignored his doctor’s warnings and, in the fall of 1929, embarked on a spiritualist tour of the Netherlands. He returned home with chest pains so severe that he needed to be taken to the seashore, and then he was almost completely bedridden at his home in Crowborough, England. Rising for the last time on July 7, 1930, Doyle collapsed and died in his garden while clutching his heart in one hand and holding a flower in the other. The Great Keinplatz Experiment is a fictional short story first published in July 1885. Its plot revolves around spiritualism and was written years before Doyle’s active participation in this cause.The story introduces us to Professor von Baumgarten, who is an expert on spirits and is convinced that the spirit of hypnotized people can leave the body, travel and return at will, although this cannot be seen or verified.But since he believes that one spirit can see another, he decides to conduct an experiment in front of several witnesses in which he will hypnotize himself at the same time as one of his students, Fritz von Hartmann, so that their spirits can observe each other. When they wake up, everything seems to indicate that nothing has happened since they have no memory, but perhaps the reality is different… A Study in Scarlet marks the first appearance of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson, who would become the most famous detective duo in popular fiction.The book’s title derives from a speech delivered by Holmes, a consulting detective, to his friend and chronicler Watson about the nature of his work, in which he describes the investigation of the murder in the history as his «study in scarlet: There’s the scarlet thread of murder running through the colourless skein of life, and our duty is to unravel it, isolate it, and expose every inch of it». The Captain of the Polestar is a short story first published in January 1883. It tells the story of the captain of the Polestar Nicholas Craigie, who decides to anchor in the middle of the Arctic Ocean against the advice of his crew, as the ship could become trapped in the ice, which would mean death for all.One morning, the second mate reports seeing a ghost at night, but he is not taken seriously. A few days later, a sailor claims to have also seen an apparition and the doctor accompanying them says he heard a scream in the dark. By now, the entire crew is convinced that something strange is hovering over them.One night, the captain leaves the ship and disappears into the darkness as if following an invisible presence. The next day he is found dead on the ice with a bright smile on his face. At the age of twenty, young Alleyne, son of Edric, leaves the Catholic abbey where he has been raised, intelligent, skilled and beloved, but sheltered and naive, and goes out to meet the world, according to the terms of his father’s will. That same day, the abbot expels John of Hordle for his worldly behavior: great appetite, teasing and flirting. They meet at Pied Merlin’s inn while resting each night. There they befriend the veteran archer Sam Aylward, who has returned to England from France to recruit for the The White Company of mercenaries. Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes is the second collection of short stories starring consulting detective Sherlock Holmes, first published in late 1893. It follows the collection entitled The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes.It consists of 12 stories that were originally published between December 1892 and December 1893 in The Strand Magazine under the title The Adventures (numbers 13 to 24). Some of the stories are: “The Adventure of Silver Blaze”, “The Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual”, “The Adventure of the Reigate Squire” and “The Final Problem”. Doyle intended to kill the detective in “The Final Problem”, but later, with the series The Return of Sherlock Holmes -which begins with the sequels to “The Final Problem”- it is revealed that Holmes survived, to the joy of the readers.Analysis of the Characteristic Traces of English Detective Fiction The most important era for the English detective fiction was during the Golden Age when the pure form of a detective story represented a puzzle or a game. For this type of mystery fiction was established the term whodunit in nineteen thirties. Many excellent authors representing whodunit writing style during the Golden Age interwar period continued in this style after the World War II. Margery Allingham and her amateur sleuth Albert Campion, E.C. Bentley, G.K. Chesterton and his Father Brown stories, AgathaChristie and her most popular Belgian detective Hercule Poirot or amateur spinster detective Miss Marple are an examples of the whodunit detective fiction. Other authors like Father Ronald Knox and Dorothy L. Sayers and her snobbish amateur detective Lord Peter Wimsey also illustrate this genre. To analyse entire works of all English authors would not be possible in the extent of a bachelor thesis, therefore only the most significant and influential authors will be discussed. The characteristics of the genre will be exemplified with the samples from the novels and short stories of Agatha Christie, Gilbert Keith Chesterton and Arthur Conan Doyle. 3.1 The Great and Eccentric Detectives The most important part of every story is the main character. In the case of a detective fiction it is the detective. Every main protagonist of any type of fiction must be interesting for the reader; he or she must be in some aspect memorable and worth of following. In the case of Sherlock Holmes, it is his character. Sometimes his almost egoistic and arrogant behaviour alternates with the moments of happiness and elation, his unusual habits and interests. Poirot is memorable for his pedantry and moustache to which he pays more attention that to his friends and his indulgence of gastronomy. Miss Marple is undoubtedly memorable simply for being an elderly woman who covers her love for mysteries by knitting and gardening. The earliest example of this type of unordinary detective is from Edgar Allan Poe´s “The Murders in the Rue Morgue”. Chevalier Dupin isnot an ordinary man in any aspect and who most probably served as the model in creating Sherlock Holmes and other Great detectives, therefore the character of detective Dupin should be briefly analysed as the prototypical detective. 3.2 The Figure of the Woman Detective There is no rule of being a man in the world of detective fiction, nevertheless, to have a woman detective is very unusual. This atypical feature probably originates from the notion of detective, and of police work as well, to be a dangerous profession. In the nineteenth century, the conventionalized idea of a woman was to be kept in safety without being exposed to danger, which a criminal world of murderers represents. Agatha Christie (1890 - 1976) was as a very prolific writer not only by the numerous books she wrote but also with the number of detectives she had created. Beside the famous Belgian detective, she created a detective duo Tommy and Tuppence, a married couple solving mysteries as their hobby. Christie´s love for Commedia dell´ arte inspired her to create Harley Quin, a curious man helping Mr Satterthwaite solving mysteries. Another remarkable detective is Parker Pyne, solving not the exact mysteries but unhappiness in the lives of unhappy people. Agatha Christie´s most famous woman detective was a lady with no exact profession but with infallible intuition and a great sense of observation and listening, Miss Jane Marple. To describe this unordinary female sleuth, the official web site of Agatha Christie provides original description: “Her powers of deduction occasionally hide behind her three chief joys in life: knitting, gardening and gossip. Criminals and murderers fail to realise that with every stitch she is not only making a cardigan, but solving a crime. From her small house in the village of St Mary Mead she observes every aspect of human nature.”30This description of Jane Marple corresponds with another characteristic, written by John Scaggs. In his work about Crime fiction, Scaggs describes the usefulness of surveillance, inform of cameras and databases or surveillance by an authority of police officers in solving and untangling the difficult cases. Scaggs proposes that Miss Marple’s surveillance, inmany ways, fulfils the same function. “In St Mary Mead everyone knows your most intimate affairs. There is no detective in England equal to a spinster lady of uncertain age with plenty of time on her hands."31 The proper description of Jane Marple is in the first novel featuring this detective, Murder at the Vicarage from 1930, where Christie wrote, “Miss Marple always sees everything. Gardening is as good as a smoke screen, and the habit of observing birds through powerful glasses can always be turned to account.”32 Inhabitants of this fictional village of St Mary Mead represent a diverse variety of characters that are all connected to each other, through the family relations and friendships or the most importantly, neighbourhood unity. “Collecting moral and financial support for all these worthy causes was an important social activity in itself. Appropriate small black book in hand, one could knock at any door, distributing gossip with the annual Armstice Day poppies and receiving back what often proved to be valuable piece of information. Miss Marple found this a particularly helpful method of investigation in some of her more difficult cases.”33 Jane Marple is not a typical example of an amateur sleuth; firstly, she is a woman and, secondly, she does not have her own Watson and is not in close contact with any professional detective or a police officer. Typical Setting of the Story The setting of the story is equally important as the characters of a story. Arthur Conan Doyle as the predecessor of the Golden Age fiction chose more urban setting for his novels than the Golden Age representatives. Written and published in the period of growing working class population and industrial cities and coming of the fin-de-siècle which was marked by pessimism and disenchantment called for a literature the people can identify with, describing and capturing the cities they knew and ordinary people as they were.Conan Doyle mastered the realistic and geographically accurate capturing of London. The reader could easily imagine the streets, buildings and hidden life of the capital city. “Doyle is one of those authors who wrote the widely popular suburban tales which formed the bulk of the literature of the suburbs and which were intended for a largelysuburban audience. In their novels they portrayed apparently uncomplicated domestic and moral utopias. […] a representative of the suburban fiction produced to satisfy the growing market for accessible contemporary writing among a new readership, [...] many of whom were themselves moving out to the suburbs as their finances improved and their leisure time increased.”51 Although the majority of Doyle´s stories are set in London, there are stories where Holmes and Watson have to travel all over the Britain and even one story set in Switzerland where Holmes is believed to die after the fall into the Reichenbach falls. Conclusion This thesis was written with the intention to capture the important literary works of the detective genre. The thesis described tales, stories, novels and a play progressing fromthe very first texts of the Old Testament through the Shakespearian period up to the nineteenth century. The most significant works written in Britain and bearing the traces of the detective stories were found in the period around the turn of the century, represented by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and his undoubtedly most famous amateur sleuth Sherlock Holmes and his little bit less intelligent friend Dr John Watson. Beside Sir Conan Doyle, the thesis focused on two more chosen authors to be the representatives of the detective fiction of the twentieth century. This choice is based on the fact that the Golden Age of detective fiction, representing the period before and between the two World Wars, is marked with the boom of the writers of the detective genre. The first chosen writer is Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie and her two best known detectives, the Belgian detective Hercule Poirot and the nosy lady Miss Jane Marple. The last author that was analysed in details was Gilbert Keith Chesterton and his empathetic priest Father Brown. The thesis tried to point out the most significant traces of the English detective fiction genre. One of these traces is the unordinary figure of the detective. This detective can be represented as an eccentric detective like Sherlock Holmes with all his addictions, vices and with extraordinary intellect or Hercule Poirot, the pedant little Belgian refugee solving the most tangled cases with his little grey cells of brain. The innovative approach in forming the detective is visible in Christie´s amateur sleuth Miss Marple, an elderly lady with love for mysteries, solving the crimes that any gentle lady should not come in touch. The last example of a detective described in this thesis was Father Brown who represents the morally strongest detective. He does not solve the crimes with the help of a bright intellect or a science but with the help of imagination. The priest detective is able to imagine himself in the mind of the criminal and admit that a part of his mind can be also sinful, as the mind of the criminal is, but with the strong will and faith he is able to resist. Beside the figure of the detective, this thesis tried to describe the omnipresent companion of the detective. His function in the story was in most cases the function of the narrator of the detective story, while in some stories, like Miss Marple, there is not only one exact companion present in the stories. The last discussed trace of the English detective. Bibliography Doyle, A. Conan. The Complete Sherlock Holmes. Vol. I. New York: Barnes & Noble, 2003. —. The Return of Sherlock Holmes. Dover Thrift Editions. New York: Courier Dover Publications, 2012. Chesterton, G. K. The Secret of Father Brown. Cornwall: House of Stratus, 2000. —. Father Brown Stories. London: Penguin Books, 1994. Christie, A. Murder of Roger Ackroyd. London: HarperCollins Publishers, 1993. —. Sleeping Murder, The Murder at the Vicarage. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1976. —. The Murder at the Vicarage. London: HarperCollins Publishers, 2002. —. The Mysterious Affair at Styles. New York: Cosimo Classics, 2007. —. Third Girl. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1967. Poe, Edgar Allan. The Complete Stories. London: Campbell, 1992. “Agatha Christie,”agathachristie.com, accessed March 24, 2014. http://www.agathachristie.com/christies-work/detectives/ Filmbug.com. 1998. http://www.filmbug.com/db/344701/photos Accessed: April 2, 2014. International Movie Database. IMDb.com. 1990. http://www.imdb.com/?ref_=nv_home (accessed March 1, 2014). Jessen, Marcia. BasilRathbone.net. 2012. http://www.basilrathbone.net/films/ Accessed: April 5, 2014. Leeman, Sergio. A Certain Cinema.com 2012. http://acertaincinema.com/media- tags/father-brown-detective/ Accessed: March 30, 2014. Moviemail.com. 1996. http://www.moviemail.com/film/dvd/Father-Brown-The-Complete- Series/ Accessed: April 2, 2014. Download 242,19 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham:
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