Models in macroeconomics



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Charts 5a
and 
5b
plot a Phillips curve relationship in blue, alongside a stylised 
description of monetary policy in red. The Phillips curve is a simple positive relationship between inflation 
and slack. When output increases relative to its potential (that is, a positive output gap opens), this causes 
above-target inflation. Conversely, a negative gap causes below-target inflation. 
Chart 5a 
– Stylised representation of Phillips 
curve and monetary policy with cost-push 
shocks 
Chart 5b 
– Stylised representation of Phillips 
curve and monetary policy with policy shocks 
Source: McLeay and Tenreyro (2018). 
Source: McLeay and Tenreyro (2018). 
But good monetary policy should seek to eliminate any such gaps and simultaneously stabilise inflation.
The exception is when cost-push shocks create a trade-off between stabilising inflation and the output gap. 
In the face of large or persistent shocks that create a trade-off between these two goals, the MPC is required 
by our remit to strike a balance between the two 
– for example to reduce output below potential in the face of 
above-target inflation. The red line plots an example preferred trade-off, which will depend on the slope of 
the Phillips curve and the policymaker’s preferences. 
Any time we see data on inflation and the output gap, we will be at the intersection of the red and blue lines. 
This means that we cannot interpret the observed data we see as the Phillips curve. If there are large
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I elaborate on this identification problem in a recent paper, McLeay and Tenreyro (2018).


All speeches are available online at www.bankofengland.co.uk/speeches 
11 
11 
cost-push shocks, such as changes in energy prices, then the Phillips curve will move around, as shown in 
the dashed blue lines in 

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