Morphological structure of a word. Classification of Morphemes

It is a way of speaking by which an unpleasant, improper or offensive things are designated by an indirect & milder term. The rules of euphemisms lie in religions taboo, which dictated the avoidance of certain subject, especially death, sex & some bodily functions, devil. Such euphemisms are called superstitious taboos (devil=the Prince of Darkness; God=Lord; to die=pass away).

Euphemisms is a frequent occurrence in modern E. it is spread in many spheres of life – called social taboos (lavatory= lady’s / gentleman’s room, rest room) They may be used not to hurt smb’s feelings: “stupid” – not exactly brilliant, “dirty” – unclear, untidy,…

Antonymy means ‘opposite’+’name’ & deals with oppositness of meaning. Antonyms – 2 or more words of the same category of parts of speech, which have contrasting meanings. They usually appear in pair: good – bad, light – heavy, alive – dead.
Kinds of antonyms: * Gradable. (gradual opposition) They are mostly adj.. e.g. hot – warm – cool – cold, young – middle-aged - old. * Complementary. The denial of one of the member of the pair applies the assertion of the other member. e.g. male – female, dead – alive. * Conversives, or relational antonyms. 1 member of the pair is the converse of the other. They represent 2 opposite perspectives of the same relation. e.g. husb& – wife, to receive – to give (if Mary receives chocolate from Bill, then Bill gives chocolate to Mary).
Hyponymy means ‘under’+’name’. It is another kind of relationship b/n words, which is based on the relations of the inclusion (включение). The meaning of a more specific word (called hyponym) is included in that of another, a more general word (hyperonym).
e.g. flower - hyperonym, rose, tulip, violet– hyponism.
Two words (or more) identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning are called homonyms. (хомонумс )(meat, meet).
Classification: 1) homonyms proper – words, identical in pronounciation and spelling (bank, ball).
2) homophones – words of the same sound but of different spelling (meet, meat, right, wright).
3) homographs – words of accidentically the same spelling but of different sound. (to wind – wind).
Professor Smirnitsky classified homonyms into two large classes: Full homonyms are words of the same category of parts of speech with identical paradigm but different lexical meaning (match, ball, bank). Partial homonyms are divided into 3 subgroups: simple lexico-grammatical partial homonyms: words of the same category of points of speech, having one identical form in their paradigm and different lexical meanings. (to found- основывать, found – форма от to find). Complex lexical-grammatical partial homonyms – there are words of different categories of part of speech having one identical form in their paradigm and different lexical meaning. (light – noun, light - adj). partial lexical homonyms they are words of the same category of parts of speech which are identical only in their corresponding forms. (ask-asked-asked).