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Main article: List of physiologists
Women in physiology[edit]
Initially, women were largely excluded from official involvement in any physiological society. The American Physiological Society, for example, was founded in 1887 and included only men in its ranks.[39] In 1902, the American Physiological Society elected Ida Hyde as the first female member of the society.[40] Hyde, a representative of the American Association of University Women and a global advocate for gender equality in education,[41] attempted to promote gender equality in every aspect of science and medicine.
Soon thereafter, in 1913, J.S. Haldane proposed that women be allowed to formally join The Physiological Society, which had been founded in 1876.[42] On 3 July 1915, six women were officially admitted: Florence Buchanan, Winifred Cullis, Ruth C. Skelton, Sarah C. M. Sowton, Constance Leetham Terry, and Enid M. Tribe.[43] The centenary of the election of women was celebrated in 2015 with the publication of the book "Women Physiologists: Centenary Celebrations And Beyond For The Physiological Society." (ISBN 978-0-9933410-0-7)
Prominent women physiologists include:
Bodil Schmidt-Nielsen, the first woman president of the American Physiological Society in 1975.[44]
Gerty Cori,[45] along with husband Carl Cori, received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1947 for their discovery of the phosphate-containing form of glucose known as glycogen, as well as its function within eukaryotic metabolic mechanisms for energy production. Moreover, they discovered the Cori cycle, also known as the Lactic acid cycle,[46] which describes how muscle tissue converts glycogen into lactic acid via lactic acid fermentation.
Barbara McClintock was rewarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of genetic transposition. McClintock is the only female recipient who has won an unshared Nobel Prize.[47]
Gertrude Elion,[48] along with George Hitchings and Sir James Black, received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1988 for their development of drugs employed in the treatment of several major diseases, such as leukemia, some autoimmune disorders, gout, malaria, and viral herpes.
Linda B. Buck,[49] along with Richard Axel, received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2004 for their discovery of odorant receptors and the complex organization of the olfactory system.
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi,[50] along with Luc Montagnier, received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2008 for their work on the identification of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the cause of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
Elizabeth Blackburn,[51] along with Carol W. Greider[52] and Jack W. Szostak, was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the genetic composition and function of telomeres and the enzyme called telomerase.
Subdisciplines[edit]
There are many ways to categorize the subdisciplines of physiology:[53]
based on the taxa studied: human physiology, animal physiology, plant physiology, microbial physiology, viral physiology
based on the level of organization: cell physiology, molecular physiology, systems physiology, organismal physiology, ecological physiology, integrative physiology
based on the process that causes physiological variation: developmental physiology, environmental physiology, evolutionary physiology
based on the ultimate goals of the research: applied physiology (e.g., medical physiology), non-applied (e.g., comparative physiology)
Physiological societies[edit]
Transnational physiological societies include:
American Physiological Society
International Union of Physiological Sciences
The Physiological Society
National physiological societies include:
Brazilian Society of Physiology
See also[edit]
REFERENCES
^ "physiology". Online Etymology Dictionary.
^ "What is physiology?". biology.cam.ac.uk. University of Cambridge, Faculty of Biology. 16 February 2016. Retrieved 2018-07-07.
^ Prosser, C. Ladd (1991). Comparative Animal Physiology, Environmental and Metabolic Animal Physiology (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Liss. pp. 1–12. ISBN 978-0-471-85767-9.
^ Jump up to:a b c Guyton, Arthur; Hall, John (2011). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (12th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4160-4574-8.
^ Widmaier, Eric P.; Raff, Hershel; Strang, Kevin T. (2016). Vander's Human Physiology Mechanisms of Body Function. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-1-259-29409-9.
^ "Plant physiology". Basic Biology. 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
^ Pereda, AE (April 2014). "Electrical synapses and their functional interactions with chemical synapses". Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 15 (4): 250–63. doi:10.1038/nrn3708. PMC 4091911. PMID 24619342.
^ "Mental disorders". World Health Organization. WHO. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
^ "Eszopiclone" (PDF). F.A. Davis. 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 24, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
^ "Zolpidem" (PDF). F.A. Davis. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 22, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
^ Bergman, Esther M; de Bruin, Anique BH; Herrler, Andreas; Verheijen, Inge WH; Scherpbier, Albert JJA; van der Vleuten, Cees PM (19 November 2013). "Students' perceptions of anatomy across the undergraduate problem-based learning medical curriculum: a phenomenographical study". BMC Medical Education. 13: 152. doi:10.1186/1472-6920-13-152. PMC 4225514. PMID 24252155. Together with
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