1 Special text: Unusual railways
2 Special text: Underground railways.
3 Special text: Power supply system.
4 Special text: Carriages and wagons
5 Special text: In search of higher speeds
6 Special text: Automation in Railways
7 Special text: Bridge building
8 Special text: Tunnel construction
9 Special text: Railway Electrification system.
THEME: UNUSUAL RAILWAYS (1) In the course of railway history many researches were carried out to develop cheaper and more efficient means of transportation. Here are some interesting examples of unusual railways. In 1862 L.D. Girard, a French inventor, surprised the world that he invented Gliding Railway based on the entirely new wheelless design. According to the project the train was to move on six plates. While the train was running the water was to be spread evenly between the plates and the track. When constructed the experimental line was a success. People travelling on this strange railway were surprised by its smoothness, noiseless operation of trains and speed attained. This railway proved much cheaper in the comparison with conventional railways since it did not need a rail track.
(2) In early 1900s there appeared one of the strangest mountain railways in Austria. It was a balloon railway whose function was to facilitate and speed up the transportation of passengers up a high mountain near Salzburg. It consisted of a large balloon connected to the car. Instead of wheels the car had a slide3 running on a single rail. When loaded, the car carrying ten passengers rose up the mountain. But when it was to run down, a large tank installed under the car had to be filled with water. It was the increased weight that made the car run down again.
(3) William H. Reinolz, USA, proposed to use a water base for his track. But the water was to be frozen and the trains were to move over a bed of ice. According to Reinolz the atomic energy ought to be used for freezing water, and the track ought to be enclosed in a gallery of transparent plastic to decrease air friction and power losses. The streamlined4 trains should be made of aluminium.
(4) The idea of using underground tunnels or tubes for high-speed running is being carefully studied by scientists. According to the so-called tube-flight concept5 streamlined vehicles are to run in a tube. The power source should be installed in cars and they are to transfer air by propellers from the front to the rear. Running in the tube the trains will have small power losses, so speeds up to 2000mph can be theoretically attained.
Not all of the proposals for unconventional railways have found a practical application. But these ideas have made it possible to build modern high-speed transportation systems.
(1) Temir yo'l tarixi davomida arzonroq va samaraliroq transport vositalarini yaratish uchun ko'plab tadqiqotlar olib borildi. Bu erda g'ayrioddiy temir yo'llarning qiziqarli misollari keltirilgan. 1862 yilda L.D. Frantsiyalik ixtirochi Jirard butunlay yangi g'ildiraksiz dizayn asosida Gliding Railway ixtiro qilgani butun dunyoni hayratda qoldirdi. Loyihaga ko'ra, poezd oltita plastinkada harakatlanishi kerak edi. Poezd harakatlanayotganda, suv plitalar va yo'l o'rtasida teng taqsimlanishi kerak edi. Eksperimental chiziqni qurishda muvaffaqiyat qozondi. Ushbu g'alati temir yo'lda sayohat qilayotgan odamlar uning silliqligi, poezdlarning shovqinsiz ishlashi va erishilgan tezligidan hayratda qolishdi. Bu temir yo'l oddiy temir yo'llarga nisbatan ancha arzon bo'ldi, chunki unga temir yo'l kerak emas edi.
(2) 1900-yillarning boshlarida Avstriyada eng g'alati tog'li temir yo'llardan biri paydo bo'ldi. Bu havo sharli temir yo'l edi, uning vazifasi Zalsburg yaqinidagi baland tog'ga yo'lovchilarni tashishni osonlashtirish va tezlashtirish edi. U mashinaga ulangan katta shardan iborat edi. Mashinada g'ildiraklar o'rniga bitta relsda ishlaydigan slayd3 mavjud edi. Yuk ortilganda o‘n nafar yo‘lovchini olib ketayotgan mashina tog‘ga ko‘tarildi. Ammo u tugashi kerak bo'lganda, mashina ostiga o'rnatilgan katta rezervuarni suv bilan to'ldirish kerak edi. Mashinaning yana ishdan chiqishiga sabab bo'lgan og'irlikning ortishi edi.
(3) Uilyam X. Reynolz, AQSH, o'z izi uchun suv bazasidan foydalanishni taklif qildi. Ammo suv muzlashi va poezdlar muz to'shagidan o'tishi kerak edi. Reynolzning fikriga ko'ra, atom energiyasi suvni muzlatish uchun ishlatilishi kerak va havo ishqalanishi va quvvat yo'qotilishini kamaytirish uchun yo'l shaffof plastik galereyasiga o'ralgan bo'lishi kerak. Oqimli4 poyezdlar alyuminiydan yasalgan bo'lishi kerak.
(4) Yuqori tezlikda yugurish uchun er osti tunnellari yoki quvurlardan foydalanish g'oyasi olimlar tomonidan diqqat bilan o'rganilmoqda. Quvurli parvoz kontseptsiyasiga ko'ra, 5 ta soddalashtirilgan transport vositalari quvurda harakatlanishi kerak. Quvvat manbai avtomobillarga o'rnatilishi kerak va ular havoni old tomondan orqaga pervanellar orqali o'tkazishlari kerak. Quvurda harakatlansa, poezdlar kichik quvvat yo'qotadi, shuning uchun nazariy jihatdan 2000 mil / soat tezlikka erishish mumkin.
Noan'anaviy temir yo'llar bo'yicha barcha takliflar amaliy qo'llanilishini topmagan. Ammo bu g‘oyalar zamonaviy yuqori tezlikdagi transport tizimlarini qurish imkonini berdi.
