Speech Acts What are speech acts?



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speech acts

Explicit performatives
:
(5)
I promise to buy bread tonight.
I order you to open the window.
But: Performative verbs can be used in constative speech acts also.
(6)
Joe had promised to buy bread tonight.
I have ordered you to open the window.
I am declaring war to Zanzibar.
Performative verbs
used in 
simple present tense 
sentences with 
first person singular 
subjects.
Moreover: Performative acts seem to come along in many forms. Not all are formally specified as 
above (
implicit performatives):
(7)
It's a bit sticky in here.
I'll buy bread tonight believe me!
Blackbeard
—you ol' son of a bitch—now the last days have come for thee and thy fellows
The horse might bite you.
50$
Out here!
With sugar, please
One way out: Searle's expressibility principle (1969): 
Any speech act can be paraphrased as an 
explicit performative act "what can be said, can be said explicitely".
Exercise/Discussion
: Certain "acts" pose a puzzle in this classification. Austin mentiones the 
performative act of 
offending
and notes that it seems to refute explicite performativeness:
(8)
#
I hereby offend you.
# I hereby offend you by calling you an old booger.
Are effects like 
entertain, delight, annoy, offend, bore
"speech acts" or other ways of doing things 
with words?
Opus, insult telegram
The observation that 
what was said
needs not always carry the intended speech act on its sleeves led 
Austin to the following three-way distinction:
1. Locutionary act
: The utterance of a sentence with determinare sense and reference.


VL Pragmatics • Eckardt • 16.12.2005 
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