Uzbekistan state university of world languages english language faculty №1 Course paper Theme: William Shakespeare's importance for the development of the English language, literature and theatre

MAIN PART
William Shakespeare, the literary genius, was born in Stratford-upon-Avon on April 23, 1564, and passed away on April 23, 1616. England honored him by declaring him as a National Poet and considered him as one of the greatest playwrights of all time. Although Shakespeare never had a degree nor went to a college, he left an indelible impression on the English literary arena for the rest of the world to emulate him. There is no denying that he is the most widely read and widely quoted writer of English language. Among the English literature, Shakespeare became one of the most influential writers in English literature because of his diction, sonnets and dramas. His literary masterpieces include Hamlet, Twelfth Night, Macbeth and King Lear among many others. His dramas were performed more than any other dramatist’s works. Shakespeare’s diction influenced the English language evidently; he constructed his prose and poetry and increased the standards of grammar by inventing new words. Shakespeare was among the first writers to provide a new form to the art of writing. He has a unique style in writing plays and poetry. He created a legacy of his own in the usage of words. He was a master in using metaphors in his writing. The following text taken from Romeo and Juliet ( Act 3, Scene 4) is one of the examples of his writing styles:“Look, love, what envious streaks Do lace the severing clouds in yonder East:Night’s candles are burnt out, and jocund day Stands tiptoe on the misty mountain tops.” Shakespeare played a vital role in standardizing the grammar. He revived the use of suffix in English grammar, which was scarcely used in his time. Furthermore, the rules which his writings depicted are followed later in English literature. Many changed the spellings of Shakespeare but not his grammar till date. Dr Jonathan Hope, a Shakespearean critic said: “He wrote during a transitional period for English grammar when there was a range of grammatical options open to writers. Much of the grammar he chose now seems old-fashioned but it lends poetry to commonplace words and, significantly, while his spelling is often updated, his grammar is not.”Shakespeare expanded the lexicon of English Language. Moreover, he forged 1700 words by adding suffix and prefixes which we are using today and transforming nouns into verbs and verbs into adjectives. He redefined and constructed a new shape to the English language. He played a crucial role in modernizing English with a new set of phrases that are quoted to date. He derived 135 new phrases in English which are still in use. One of these is recognizable: 'What's in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet.'Contributions like these made him a very popular and influential literary figure in the English language. Shakespeare's sonnets have a greater influence than his dictions, as he eloquently used iambic pentameters, rhymes and similes. The usage of iambic pentameters made his sonnets very captivating, and he was among the first English writers to use this technique. One Iambic pentameter looks like: “Shall I / com PARE/ thee TO / a SUM / mer’s DAY? Thou ART / more LOVE/ly AND / more TEM / per ATE.” Furthermore, many poets were influenced by him, John Keats being one of them. It is said that Keats used to have Shakespeare’s work on his side whenever he wrote.He said that it helped him ignite and magnify his creativity and also copied his style in his writing. He sculptured the sonnet masterly with his rhyme. His sonnets were quite rhythmic, and he wrote ten-syllable lines in his sonnets which made them more rhythmic, like these lines from Henry V clearly depict:
“Rush on his host, as doth the melted snow
Upon the valleys, whose low vassal seat
The Alps doth spit and void his rheum upon.”
Shakespeare is prominent with his similes and vivid imagery. He used brawny words to give images. In addition, his similes gave the complete description of the scenario. Though his sonnets were adored by many poets, his plays created a huge impact on the world of English literature. Shakespearean dramas influenced the English literature, as he used blank verse technique. Usage of the blank verse technique was Shakespeare's best method in his dramas and this style was followed in many of his dramas. The following is a blank verse example taken from Hamlet:
“But, woe is me, you are so sick of late,
So far from cheer and from your former state,
That I distrust you. Yet, though I distrust,
The discomfort you, my lord, it nothing must."
Moreover, his blank verse technique is very poetic, and had left a mark on many other contemporary writers like Christopher Marlow. The soliloquies in his dramas also created an impact on writers. His famous Hamlet consists of seven soliloquies, which made the play very unique in its own way. “To be or not be” is the famous soliloquy in the Hamlet, in which he questions the meaning of life:
“To be, or not to be …
…Be all my sins remembered.”
This technique was followed by many other writers to create an inner conflict of character. Shakespeare followed the great ancient writers in his tragedies which was first of its kind by any English Poet. Moreover, he followed ancient Greek style, and later many writers were influenced by him to follow Aristotle and Homer. He not only influenced the English language but the world by his tragedy Romeo and Juliet. He became one of the most profound writers of English language.
“My bounty is as boundless as the sea,
My love as deep; the more I give to thee,
The more I have, for both are infinite.” Apart from these literary aspects, he invented many new words. According to the sources available, he invented almost 1700 new words at heterogeneous levels ( Reference please…). Here are a few words invented by him.
Buzzer
Buzzer is a special word in English coined by Shakespeare. It is a word that conjures up the thoughts of disgusting game shows. But it was used in a casual conversation, in Hamlet.
Unreal
It may seem ‘unreal’, but Shakespeare also came up with the word that we now use to mean ‘cool’ or, in some cases, ‘unbelievable’. However, in his day, ‘unreal’ simply meant ‘not real’. In fact, he was a long-time fan of a good un- prefix coming up with plenty of words, even adding it (although not for the first time) to one of the words we now best associate with the Zuck, ‘unfriend’.
Phrases Shakespeare Invented
Here are some phrases that Shakespeare is said to have invented, many of which are commonly used today.
 "It's Greek to me" (Julius Caesar). When you say, "It’s Greek to me", you realise that nothing is understood.
 "Fair play" (The Tempest) – Looking at the games fairly i.e. showing an exact notice.
 "All that glitters isn't gold" (Merchant of Venice) - We usually use this phrase after we discover the fact that something that looks good turns out to be not that great.
 "Break the ice" (The Taming of the Shrew) – Asking polite questions when you meet someone.
 "Clothes make the man" (Hamlet) - Although not always true, this phrase implies that
how a person dresses tells you something about who they are as a person.
 "Too much of a good thing" (As You Like It) - It is said that "too much of a good thing" (i.e. money, love, food) is not necessarily good for you.
 "In a pickle" (The Tempest) - To be "in a pickle" is to be in trouble from which you can not come easily.
In conclusion, Shakespeare's dictions, sonnets and dramas build him as one of the most profound impact creating writers of all time. Without Shakespeare, our English would not have been modernized as it would be a void in our life if we don't have everyday phrases like “a sorry sight” or “as pure as the driven snow”. We would not have famous lines like “to thine own self-be true", from Hamlet or "out damn spot" from Macbeth. This is why even today he’s remembered all over the world.

2.Ben Jonson, Shakespeare’s well known contemporary playwright, poet and actor calls Shakespeare “not of an age but for all time.” Shakespeare therefore is the dramatist for all seasons and arguably the most timeless and placeless dramatist, the world of literature has ever produced. He produced 37 plays during his time and penned 154 sonnets with two epic poems. Shakespeare is the mostly quoted (person) next to the Bible and his works have been produced in almost all languages with diverse sort of modifications; his characters have continued to be not just theatrical realities but social realities over four centuries as the characters like Romeo, Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, Julius Cesar, Shylock etc. are still very much alive irrespective of socio- cultural, political and geographical differences. Thus, Ben Jonson further adds in a familiar tribute to Shakespeare: “Thon art alive still while thy Booke doth live, and we have wits to read, and praise to give”

First Theatrical Activities in London
Recent investigation into the dates of his plays suggests that Shakespeare left Stratford for London between 1584 and 1586 and that, by chance or by evidence of his genius, he quickly established himself there as an actor-dramatist. Some four to nine of Shakespeare’s extant plays seem to have been written by 1592. These include the three parts of Henry VI, Richard III and possibly Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The two Gentlemen of Verona and The Taming of the Shrew. King John may also date from this early period.
The Poet – Narrative Poems and Sonnets
Between 1592 and 1594, when the plague closed London’s theatres, he probably composed his
narrative poems, Venus and Adonis (1593) and The Rape of Lucrece (1594), both authorized for
publication by Shakespeare and dedicate to Henry Wriothesley, 3d Earl of Southampton, a young,
brilliant, and wealthy member of the court. Both poems were extremely popular; their success and the
probable patronage of Southampton suggest that Shakespeare need not have returned to the less
distinguished task of writing for the theatre unless he chose to do so.
Scholars who seek information about Shakespeare as a poet, have done much research on the sonnets
and on the identification of “Mr. W.H,” to whom they are dedicated. While there is no evidence that
Shakespeare authorized or was in any way involved in publishing the 1609 edition of the Sonnets, a
variety of attempts have been made to identify the “Fair youth” and the “Dark lady” to whom he so
frequently addressed. Various critical studies suggest that the “Dark lady” was Queen Elizabeth; a
courtesan called Lady Negro; the wife of an Oxford innkeeper; or Marry Fitton, the mistress of the
Earl of Pembroke. It has also been suggested that the sonnets were private hymns to Shakespeare’s
homosexual lover. Whatever these assumptions may be, they are conjectures, and the feelings of
Shakespeare continue to remain an enigma.
The Full-time Dramatist
In1594 Shakespeare joined the Lord Chamberlain’s company as an actor and writer, and he remained
with this troupe for at least sixteen years, in what appears to have been a harmonious and profitable
artistic and business venture. The Chamberlain’s Men under the patronage of Queen Elizabeth’s Lord Chaberlain, was headed by the actor Richard Burbage and his brother Cuthbert, the
son of the actor James Burbage, who had built the Theatre, London’s first playhouse, in 1576. It was a
joint stock company with ten shares, five owned by the Burbage and the rest divided among
Shakespeare and four other actors. With Richard Burbage as its leading actor and Shakespeare as its
principal dramatist, the company prospered, presenting a greater number of plays before Queen
Elizabeth than any other London company. When it lost the lease of the land on which the Theatre
stood, some of the members, including Shakespeare, formed in 1599 a syndicate to finance and build a
new theatre, the Globe. In 1603, when James I became King, the Chamberlain’s Men received royal
patronage and became the King’s Men, or King’s Servants, London’s leading theatrical company. In
1608 the syndicate owning the Globe took over another theatre, the Blackfriars, as well. Shakespeare
appears, however, to have been truly dedicated to the theatre, for unlike most of his fellow dramatists,
he wrote almost exclusively for the stage from then on, even though at that time popular drama was
not considered seriously as literature.
The Actor
Although Shakespeare’s reputation as an actor is unknown and few of the roles he played are recorded,
his name appears on the cast lists as one of the “principal comedians” of Jonson’s “Every Man in His
Humour” and as one of the “principle tragedians” in Jonson’s “Sejanus His Fall.” He is reputed by an
early biographer to have played Adam in “As You Like It” and the ghost in “Hamlet.”
3. “Harry Potter”…Plot and main characters of the novel
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4. Main themes in Harry Potter series books

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