What classes of words don’t have the concrete lexical meaning and possess the grammatical meaning only?

declinable and indeclinable

14. 
    Who is the founder of functional approach in distinguishing parts of speech?
    

in the XIX century by Henry Sweet

15. 
    Distributional approach distinguishes parts of speech into……
    

In this way, he introduced four major classes of words and 15 form-classes.

16. 
    Who is the founder of distributional approach?
    

Charles Fries

17. 
    What criteria are used in distinguishing parts of speech in modern linguistics?
    

semantic, formal and functional

18. 
    What does semantic criterion presuppose?
    

the grammatical meaning of the whole class of words (general grammatical meaning)

19. 
    What does formal criterion reveal?
    

paradigmatic properties: relevant grammatical categories, the form of the words, their specific inflectional and derivational features

20. 
    What does functional criterion concern?
    

the syntactic function of words in the sentence and their combinability

21. 
    How can we define notional words?
    

those denoting things, objects, notions, qualities, etc. – words with the corresponding references in the objective reality

22. 
    How can we define function words?
    

those having no references of their own in the objective reality; most of them are used only as grammatical means to form up and frame utterances

23. 
    What does the noun possess?
    

The noun possesses the grammatical meaning of thingness, substantial property

24. 
    According to the type of nomination nouns may be......
    

According to the type of nomination they may be proper and common;

25. 
    According to the form of existence nouns may be......
    

According to the form of existence they may be animate and inanimate. Animate nouns in their turn fall into human and non-human.

26. 
    According to the quantitative structure nouns may be......
    

According to their quantitative structure nouns can be countable and uncountable.

27. 
    What is the classification of nouns according to their structure?
    

According to different principles of classification, nouns fall into several subclasses:
1. According to the type of nomination they may be proper and common;
2. According to the form of existence they may be animate and inanimate. Animate nouns in their turn fall into human and non-human.
3. According to their quantitative structure nouns can be countable and uncountable.

28. 
    What are the most common noun determiners?
    

the most common noun determiners are considered to be articles, pronouns, numerals, adjectives and nouns themselves in the common and genitive case.

29. 
    What does the grammatical category of case express?
    

The relation of word to another word in the word-group or sentence

30. 
    What point do you admit concerning grammatical case category?
    

In accordance with this definition there is a classification of cases: the Common case and the Genitive. But the points of view connected with the problem of the category of case may be roughly divided into two extreme and contrary assertions:
1) that there are more than two cases in Modern English nouns;
2) that there is no category of case at all in Modern English nouns.
The first point of view was expressed by Max Deutschbein and was supported by some foreign grammarians. He thinks that in Modern English there are four cases: the Nominative, the Genitive, the Accusative, and the Dative. 

31. 
    Ch.Fillmore introduced syntactic-semantic classification of cases. They show relations in the so-called deep structure of the sentence. According to him how many cases exist in English grammar?
    

There are 6 cases:
1. Agentive Case (A) John opened the door;
2. Instrumental case (I) The key opened the door; John used the key to open the door;
3. Dative Case (D) John believed that he would win (the case of the animate being affected by the state of action identified by the verb);
4. Factitive Case (F) The key was damaged (the result of the action or state identified by the verb);
5. Locative Case (L) Chicago is windy;
6. Objective case (O) John stole the book.

32. 
    What does M. Blokh state according to the category of gender?
    

Eng uzun javob

33. 
    What does Ilyish state according to the category of gender?
    

Prof. Ilyish states that not a single word in Modern English shows any peculiarities in its morphology due to its denoting male or female being.

34. 
    What peculiarity does the adjective possess?
    

Substances can possess qualities that are incompatible with the idea of degrees of comparison. So adjectives denoting these qualities and incapable of forming degrees of comparison still belong to the qualitative subclass (extinct, immobile, deaf, final, fixed, etc.) On the other hand, some relative adjectives can form degrees of comparison. Cf.: a grammatical topic — a purely grammatical topic — the most grammatical of the suggested topics.

35. 
    What does the adjective have combinability with?
    

Noun or preceding adverb

36. 
    What is the classification of adjectives according to their structure?
    

From a syntactic point of view, adjectives can be divided into three groups:
1) adjectives which can be used attributively and predicatively (a healthy man – the man is healthy);
2) adjectives which can be used attributively only (a complete idiot – *the idiot is complete);
3) adjectives which can be used predicatively only (*a loath man – the man is loath to agree with it).

37. 
    What is the semantical classification of adjectives?
    

qualitative and relative.

38. 
    What do the statives denote?
    

Different states, mostly of temprorary duration.

39. 
    Who was the first to identify statives as a separate part of speech in English?
    

L.Schreba - XATO

40. 
    How did B.Khaimovich and B.Rogovskaya call the statives?
    

To this class of words, we include aboard, alive, asleep, afraid, aghast, awake and so on. Some Russian scientists regard them as a separate part of speech. B. Khaimovich and Rogovskaya (22)call them adlinks on the analogy of adverbs

41. 
    How do statives differ from adjectives?
    

The traditional view of the stative, which separates temporary adjectives from other adjectives, does not seem to be convincing: temporary adjectives are part and parcel of the adjective class as a whole

42. 
    What are similarities of the statives and adjectives?
    

They can be used as attributes in post position

43. 
    Which statives cannot be separated into the prefix and the root?
    
44. 
    What are typical suffixes of adverbs?
    

-ly

45. 
    What combinabilities do the adverbs have?
    

Adverbs are characterized by combinability with verbs, adjectives and words of adverbial nature

46. 
    What are subdivisions of adverbs semantically?
    

subdivided into qualitative adverbs of full notional value and degree adverbs – specific functional words.

47. 
    What do qualitative adverbs denote?
    

Qualitative adverbs express immediate, inherently non-graded qualities of actions and other qualities.

48. 
    What do quantitative adverbs denote?
    

Quantitative adverbs are specific lexical units of semi-functional nature expressing quality measure, or gradational evaluation of qualities.

49. 
    What do circumstantial adverbs denote?
    

Eng uzun javob

50. 
    Choose examples to quantitative adverbs?
    

They may be subdivided into several sets:
1. Adverbs of high degree ("intensifiers"): very, quite, entirely, utterly, highly, greatly, perfectly, absolutely, strongly, considerably, pretty, much.
2. Adverbs of excessive degree (direct and reverse) also belonging to the broader subclass of intensifiers: too, awfully, tremendously, dreadfully, terrifically.
3. Adverbs of unexpected degree: surprisingly, astonishingly, amazingly.
4. Adverbs of moderate degree: fairly, comparatively, relatively, moderately, rather.
5. Adverbs of low degree: slightly, a little, a bit.
6. Adverbs of approximate degree: almost, nearly.
7. Adverbs of optimal degree: enough, sufficiently, adequately.
8. Adverbs of inadequate degree: insufficiently, intolerably, unbearably, ridiculously.
9. Adverbs of under-degree: hardly, scarcely.

51. 
    Choose examples to circumstantial adverbs?
    

Many of them are used as syntactic connectives and question-forming words (now, here, when, where, so, thus, how, why, etc.) Notional circumstantial adverbs include two basic sets: adverbs of time and adverbs of place: today, tomorrow, already, ever, never, shortly, recently, seldom, early, late; homeward, eastward, near, far, outside, ashore, etc.

52. 
    What does the verb denote?
    

Eng uzun javob

53. 
    What are common categories for finite and non-finite forms?
    

The common categories for finite and non-finite forms are voice, aspect, temporal correlation and finitude.

54. 
    What categories of the verb have only synthetical forms?
    

If a word combines with affixes, the resulting construction is said to be synthetic; if not, it is said to be analytic. For example, in the past tense, the English verb combines with an affix expressing tense (cf. she painted, with suffix -ed ). Forms like painted are called synthetic

55. 
    What categories of the verb have only analytical forms?
    

These consist in using a word (devoid of any lexical meaning of its own) to express some grammatical category of another word.
There can be no doubt in Modern English about the analytical character of such formations as, e. g., has invited or is invited, or is inviting, or does not invite. The verbs have, be, and do have no lexical meaning of their own in these cases. The lexical meaning of the formation resides in the participle or infinitive following the verb have, be or do. Some doubt has been expressed about the formations shall invite and will invite. There is a view that shall and will have a lexical meaning.

56. 
    What categories of the verb have both synthetical and analytical forms?
    

The grammatical categories of the English verb

57. 
    What principles of classifications of the verbs do you know?
    

Classifications can be morphological, lexical-morphological, syntactical and functional

58. 
    According to what classification do all verbs fall into: directed (to see, to take, etc.) and non-directed action (to arrive, to drizzle, etc.)
    

according to syntagmatic properties (valency) – the verbs of directed (to see, to take, etc.) and non-directed action (to arrive, to drizzle, etc.)

59. 
    According to what classification do all verbs fall into: notional (with the full lexical meaning), semi-notional (modal verbs, link-verbs), auxiliaries.
    

according to the functional significance - notional (with the full lexical meaning), semi-notional (modal verbs, link-verbs), auxiliaries

60. 
    What does the grammatical category of voice express?
    

The objective relations between the action and the subject or object of the action find their expression in language as the grammatical category of voice. Therefore, the category of voice reflects the objective relations between the action itself and the subject or object of the action: The category of voice is realized through the opposition Active voice: Passive voice. The passive is marked both in meaning and in form and the active as unmarked both in meaning and in form.

61. 
    Which voice is expressed in the sentence: The door opened
    

"Middle Voice" - the verbs primarily transitive may develop an intransitive middle meaning: That adds a lot; The door opened;

62. 
    Which voice is expressed in the sentence: He dressed; He washed
    

"Reflexive Voice": He dressed; He washed - the subject is both the agent and the recipient of the action at the same time. It is always possible to use a reflexive pronoun in this case: He washed himself.

63. 
    Which voice is expressed in the sentences: They met; They kissed each other
    

"Reciprocal voice”: They met; They kissed - it is always possible to use a reciprocal pronoun here: They kissed each other.

64. 
    What does the grammatical category of tense express?
    

Eng uzun javob

65. 
    What does the grammatical category of aspect express?
    

Eng uzun javob

66. 
    What are semantic features of continuous form?
    

duration and definiteness

67. 
    How do we call the following words: think, understand, know, hate, love, see, taste, feel, possess, own
    

There are some verbs in English that do not normally occur with progressive aspect, even in those contexts in which the majority of verbs necessarily take the progressive form. Among the so-called ‘non-progressive’ verbs are think, understand, know, hate, love, see, taste, feel, possess, own, etc.

68. 
    What term is used to define non finite forms in more recent studies?
    

Non-finite parts of a verb are those that do not indicate number, person or tense. The common non-finite forms are: the base form. the present participle or -ing form. Verb forms make up two distinct classes: finites and non-finites, also called verbals, verbids.

69. 
    What is the lexico-grammatical meaning of verbals?
    

Eng uzun javob

70. 
    It originated from the noun and at present combines nominal and verbal features:
    
71. 
    How do we call infinitival to?