English language faculty-i course paper in lexicology

The first chapter is called "The study of stylistic differentiation of the vocabulary " and it represents the general definition and their types and structure .
The second chapter is called " Practical examples on emotive meaning in the context " and here focus on giving examples and exercises based on the topic. The third chapter “Text analysis involving emotive words” this chapter analyzes text with emotive words. Concluding part presents summary for findings and suggestions for further study of types.


I. Chapter one. The study of stylistic differentiation of the vocabulary

Literacy words serve to meet the communicative requirements of formal, scientific, poetic messages, while colloquial words are used in informal everyday communication. On the one hand, written and oral forms of speech, on the other hand, although there is no direct connection between literary and oral words, but often the former are observed mainly in written form. Most literary messages appear in writing. And vice versa: although there are many examples of written spoken words (informal letters, diaries, some parts of memories, etc.), their use is related to the form of oral communication.

Consequently, for the analysis of printed materials, we find literary words in the author's speech, descriptions, comments, and colloquial speech in types of speech that mimic (copy) everyday speech, in dialogue (or internal monologue) is observed.

Dividing a piece of speech (text) into literary or colloquial language does not mean that all the words that make it up have the appropriate stylistic meaning. Also: words with a clear stylistic meaning are rare in any type of speech, most of its vocabulary is neutral. Our famous philologist L.V. Shcherba¹ once said - the word in stylistic color is like a drop of paint added to a glass of clean water and it dyes the whole color. Each of the two noun phrases with stylistic meaning is not the same in terms of semantic quality, frequency of use, area of ​​application, or number and nature of potential users. Therefore, each is divided into general, most are known to native speakers and are used by them in generalized literary (formal) or colloquial (informal) communication and special bulk. The latter, in turn, are divided into small groups, each of which serves a much narrower, more communicative purpose. Thus, among the specific literary words, as a rule, at least two main subgroups are noted.

They are:

1. Terms, words denoting objects, processes, phenomena of science, humanities, technique.

2. Archaisms words

a) denoting historical phenomena which are no more in use (such as "yeoman", "vassal", falconet"). These are historical words.

b) used in poetry in the XVII-XIX cc. (such as "steed" for "horse"; "quoth" for "said"; "woe" for "sorrow"). These are poetic words².
c) in the course of language history ousted by newer synonymic words (such as "whereof = of which; "to deem" = to think; "repast" - meal; "nay" = no) or forms ("maketh" = makes; "thou wilt" = you will; "brethren" = brothers).
These are called archaic words (archaic forms) proper.
Literary words are also called general (educated, biblical, high-flying) and special words give the message a tone of solemnity, sophistication, seriousness, gravity, knowledge. They are used in official documents and documents, in scientific dialogue, in high poetry, in the author’s speech of creative prose.

Conversational words, on the other hand, define a message as informal, informal, conversational. In addition to the common colloquial words that are widely used by all speakers of the language in everyday communication (e.g., “dad”, “child”, “cony”, “fan”, “to pop”, “people”), such a special small groups are also mentioned:

1. 
   The slang is the largest. The slang words used in informal communication by most speakers are very emotional and expressive, so they quickly lose their originality and are replaced by new forms. The trend of synonymous expansion leads to long chains of synonyms with different levels of expressiveness, representing the same concept. Thus, the idea of a “pretty girl” is expressed in jargon in more than a hundred ways.
   

In only one novel by S. Lewis there are about a dozen synonyms used by Babbitt, the central protagonist, disrespectful to the girl: "biscuit," "tomato," "Jane," "sugar," "bird," "favorite," " and others³.

The non-standard state of slang words and phrases can be elevated to a standard colloquial language through universal use: “pal”, “chum”, “crony” for “friend”; "heavy", "woolly" for "thick panties"; "booze" for "drink"; "dough" for "money"; “what tricks” for “how to live”; “hitting it” for “going away” and much more are examples of such a transition.

2. 
   Jargonisms are close to jargon and are also non-standard, expressive, and emotional, but unlike jargon, they are used by a limited group of people, either professional (in this case we are dealing with professional jargon or professionalism) or social ( here we are talking about) / argon / sins correctly). Unlike slang, both types of jargon cover a narrow semantic field: in the first case, it has to do with the technical side of some profession.
   

So, in oil industry, e. g, for the terminological "driller" (буровик) there exist "borer", ^"digger", "wrencher", "hogger", "brake weight"; for "pipeliner" (трубопроводчик), "bender", "cat", "old cat", "collar-pecker", "hammerman"; for "geologist"-"smeller", "pebble pup", "rock hound", "witcher"⁴, etc At least two aspects are evident from all the examples: professional skill is formed according to existing word-formation patterns or presents existing words in new meanings and offers great diversity, covering a semantically limited area of specialized professional knowledge. synonymous choices for naming one and the same professional object.

Correct jargonism are distinguished by similar linguistic features, but differ in function and field of application. They originated from the jargon of thieves (1'argo, cant) and served to hide from those who did not know the true meaning of the word. So their main task was to be mysterious, secretive. Therefore, there are cases of conscious deformation of existing words among them. Background jargon (or backward jargon) is an example: gamblers used numbers in reverse to hide their fraudulent card-playing tricks.: "ano" for "one", "owt" for "two", "erth" for "three".

The Anglo-American tradition, which began with the famous English lexicographer E. Partridge, does not distinguish between jargon and jargon belonging to these groups, the words being divided into general jargon, used by all or most speakers and special jargons, limited, limited ma 'with the professional or social status of the fasting person. This debate seems to focus more on terminology than on substance. Indeed, jargon (general jargon) and jargonisms (special jargon) have many things in common, they are emotional, expressive, unstable, changeable, prone to extended synonymy within certain lexical-semantic groups, and limited to very informal, substandard communication . use the terms shown as synonyms⁵.

3. 
   Vulgarisms are rude words that have a strong emotional meaning and are often discriminating, usually avoiding polite conversation. The history of vulgarisms reflects the history of social morality. Thus, in Shakespeare’s time, people were much more open and linguistically open than in the Enlightenment era or the Victorian era, which was famous for its careful and cautious manners. The words now called vulgar in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries are no longer considered such. Indeed, we are now facing the opposite side of the problem: there are almost no words that are forbidden to be used by a modern permissive society.
   

Such intensifies as "bloody", "damned", "cursed", "hell of", formerly deleted from literature and not allowed in conversation, are not only welcomed in both written and oral speech, but, due to constant repetition, have lost much of their emotive impact and substandard quality. Maxwell Perkins⁶, one of America's best-known editors and critics, worked on the 1929 series of Hemingway's magazine. In Farewell to Weapons, the publishers found that they had deleted about a dozen words that they considered obscene for publication. Preparing a hardcover edition allowed Perkins to take back half of them ("son", "whore", "whore", etc.). Since the late 50s, no publisher has objected to rude or obscene remarks. Consequently, in modern Western European and American prose, all words (including four-letter words) that were previously considered vulgar for public use are even validated by the existing moral and ethical norms and censorship of society.

4. 
   Dialectal words are normative and have no stylistic meaning in regional dialects, but are used outside of them, carrying a strong flavor of the place to which they belong. There are four main dialects in the UK: lowland Scottish, North, Midland (Central) and South. There are three main dialect varieties in the United States: New England, South and Midwest (Central, Midland). These classifications do not include many small local changes. Dialects differ significantly at the phonemic level: in each of them one and the same phoneme is pronounced differently. They also differ at the lexical level, have their own names for locally existing events, and provide local rotation synonyms of words generally accepted by the language. Some of them have become part of the general dictionary and have lost their status as dialects ("lad", "pet", "squash", "plaid"). Each of the four groups listed above justifies its own specific colloquial word tag, as each can be used for a specific group of people or specific communicative situations for a variety of reasons.
   

In order to have a better idea of the vocabulary of any language, its elements must be presented as interconnected, interconnected, and at the same time as an independent system. The vocabulary of a language can be represented as a specific system in which different aspects of words can be interconnected. A special branch of linguistics - lexicology - has done a great job in classifying the dictionary. For our purpose, that is separate type of classification for linguistic stylistics, stylistic classification is the most important.

According to Prof. I.R. Galperin the English vocabulary is divided into neutral, literary and colloquial strata⁷.

Literary stratum of words

1. 
   Archaisms : anon – at once, haply– perhaps, befall – happen. Historical words (knight, spear, lance). Poetic words (woe – sorrow, hapless – unlucky, staunch – firm, harken – hear). Morphological or partial archaisms (speaketh, cometh, wrought, brethren). The main stylistic function of archaisms is to restore the environment of the ancient period. Archaisms are rarely used deliberately by the writer to create a funny effect.
   

2. 
   Barbarisms and foreign words. They are mainly used to provide local diversity to the events being narrated and to convey the idea of an individual’s foreign or cultural-enlightenment status.
   

3. 
   Terms: Their main stylistic function is to create a real-life environment of the story, but it can also be used with a parody function.
   

4. 
   Neologisms: individual neologisms or occasional words of stylistic color that are valid only for a given context. Their main stylistic tasks are to create laconicism or humor and satire.
   

Colloquial stratum of words.

1. 
   Slang (plus phraseology). It occurs mainly in dialogues and serves to create the speech features of the characters.
   
2. 
   Vulgarisms: hackneyed (cf. Russ. “чертовски “, or Engl. “devil”) and proper⁸. The task of hackneyed people is simply to show emotion as they lose their insulting character through prolonged use. The task of the relevant is to insult and discriminate against the speaker or to convey a very negative assessment of the speaker to the object under consideration.
   

3. 
   Jargonisms: professional (professionalisms) and social. Professionalism is prevalent within communities combined with professional interests and are emotional synonyms of the terms. Socials can be found within groups characterized by social integrity, which are emotional synonyms of neutral words that hide or obscure the meaning of the expressed concept.
   

4. 
   Dialectal words. They are used to indicate the origin of individuals. Their number also indicates the educational and emotional level of the speaker.
   

The vocabulary of any language can be divided into three unequal groups that differ from each other by the area in which they can be used. The largest division consists of neutral words, which have no stylistic meaning and are suitable for any communicative, situation, the two smallest being the corresponding literary and colloquial layers.

According to the division of language into literary and colloquial, we can express the entire vocabulary of English into three main layers: the literary layer, the neutral layer, and the colloquial layer. The literary and colloquial layers include a number of subgroups, each of which has a common feature with all the subgroups within the layer. This common feature that unites different word groups within a layer can be called its aspect. The aspect of the literary layer is its remarkable biblical feature. This is what makes the layer more or less stable. Aspect of the speech layer of words is the nature of its live speech. This is what makes it unstable, transient.

The aspect of the neutral layer is its universal character. This means that its use is not limited. It can be applied in all styles of language and in all areas of human activity. The literary layer of words consists of groups that are accepted as legitimate members of the English dictionary. They have no local or dialectal feature. The colloquial layer of words shown in many English or American dictionaries is seldom limited to a particular language community or the specific area in which it circulates.

The literary vocabulary consists of the following groups of words:

1) common literary;

2) terms and learned words;
3) poetic words;
4) archaic words;
5) barbarisms and foreign words;
6) literary coinages including nonce words.

The colloquial vocabulary falls into the following groups:

1) common colloquial words;

2) slang;
3) jargonisms;
4) professional words;
5) dialectal words;
6) vulgar words;
7) colloquial coinages.

The common literary, neutral and common colloquial words are grouped under the term standard English vocabulary.

Formal (Literary) vocabulary: (solemn, elevated, learned, poetic): are words of solemn, elevated character (learned, poetic). Literary words, learned words, bookish words, high-flown words- serve to satisfy communicative demands of official, scientific, high poetry and poetic messages, authorial speech of creative prose. They are mainly observed in the written form and contribute to the message the tone of solemnity, sophistication, seriousness, gravity, learnedness.

E.g: I must decline to pursue this painful discussion. It is not pleasant to my feelings; it is repugnant to my feelings. (D)

“My children, my defrauded, swindled infants!” cried Mr. Renvings. (D)

“The party arranged themselves on the different sides of the lofty apartment, and seemed eager to escape from the transient union, which the narrowness of the crowded entrance had for an instance compelled them to submit to”. (W.Scott)⁹

1.