In the mechanism of complication, the fundamental tendency of the

1.2. Peculiarities and Features of Syntactic Units of the English and 
Uzbek Languages in Modern Linguistics 
 
Recently, the interest of linguists in comparative and typological studies 
has increased. This can be evidenced by the appearance of a number of 
fundamental scientific theoretical studies: monographs, books, manuals, articles 
and the holding of scientific and theoretical conferences devoted to the 
problems of comparative, typological and general linguistics. The closest 
attention of scientists to the study of problems of a comparative and typological 
nature is explained by the fact that comparative and typological linguistics have 
proven themselves to be a reliable and competent source for establishing both 
general and distinctive patterns of development, formation and functioning of a 
language. 
The importance of comparative studies was noted by the following 
researchers: V.V. Vinogradov, A.I. Smirnitsky, V.N. Yartseva, A.V. Isachenko, 
Sh. Bally. S. Bally believed that “thanks to comparative studies, the native 
language is illuminated with an unexpected light”
15
. Acad. V.V. Vinogradov 
notes that “along with the comparative historical study of related languages, it is 
possible and even necessary to make a comparative or comparative study of 
languages of different systems”
16
. 
A comparative study of languages of different systems, along with 
common features, reveals differences between them, enriches linguistics with 
15
bduazizova D.A. Comparative and typological analysis of paralinguistic means (on the material of English, Uzbek 
and Russian verbal and non-verbal communication): Abstract of the thesis. diss. … cand. philol. Sciences. – 
Tashkent, 1997. 
16
Salieva M.A. Comparative and typological analysis of the phonological structure of the word in English and 
Uzbek: Abstract of the thesis. diss. … cand. philol. Sciences. - T., 2002. 

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new scientific facts. According to the fair remark of V.N. Yartseva and A.V. 
Isachenko, the subject of comparative studies should not be separate disparate 
facts, but important and typical categorical phenomena characteristic of the 
systems of both compared languages
17
. 
The independence of our country has created favorable conditions for the 
development of all branches of science and technology, as well as the 
implementation of the National Program for the Training of Personnel. “Today, 
for our country, striving to take a worthy place in the world community, it is 
difficult to overestimate the importance of the perfect knowledge of foreign 
languages by our people, all our people see their great future in harmony, 
cooperation with foreign partners”
18
. In the era of development of international 
cooperation, the study of foreign languages is of particular importance. That is 
why in the national republics there is a need for a comparative analysis of native 
and foreign languages. The last decades are characterized by the increased 
interest of linguists in comparative and typological studies. At the present stage 
of development of the Republic of Uzbekistan, a well-thought-out policy of the 
state plays a huge role in solving a complex of economic, social and cultural 
problems, one of which is language. 
All this, in general, also determines the need to intensify research in the 
field of typological study of the cardinal problems of the English and Uzbek 
languages, the development and enrichment of linguistic methods
19
. 
17
Zhivtsova OA Comparative-typological aspect of the study of the category of negation (on the example of English 
and Uzbek languages) // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after VI Vernadsky. Philological 
Sciences. - 2010. - T. 23. - No. 3. - S. 150-156.
18
Ashurov Sh.S. abstract. T., 2007 
19
Madrakhimov T.A. abstract. - T., 2008. 

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This is extremely necessary because many issues of the comparative 
typological characteristics of the English and Uzbek languages remain 
unexplored, which fully applies to the comparative characteristics of the 
expression of negation and affirmation in English and Uzbek. A comparative 
study of the facts of languages of different systems responds to topical issues of 
general linguistics, is determined by the need for theory and practice, theory of 
translation and linguistic methodology, teaching native and foreign languages. 
The comparative study of two languages of different systems is of great 
importance in translation work. When comparing two or more languages, their 
originality and patterns are especially clearly manifested. 
As for the study of questions of the theory and practice of translation, it 
cannot advance successfully at all if it is not based on the data of comparative 
typological studies. The growing interest in typological research in modern 
linguistics is associated with the achievements of the structural direction, which 
strives to develop a universal theory of linguistic analysis and pays more and 
more attention to the study of the interaction of language systems. A feature of 
comparative typological research is the desire to consistently implement the 
principle of consistency in the analysis and comparison of linguistic facts. This 
method is universal in that it goes beyond related languages and aims at a 
systematic comparison of the similarities and differences of language structures. 
According to V.N. Yartseva,
20
. 
The comparative-typological aspect of linguistics has at all times been the 
subject of careful and in-depth analysis by many researchers and scientists. 
Comparison as a research method has always been of scientific interest. 
20
Sattarova E. A. Incompatibility of euphemisms in the Russian and Uzbek languages as the main obstacle for 
linguistic and cultural comparison // Problems of modern science and education. – 2020. – no. 7 (152). - S. 63-67.

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Therefore, it is no coincidence that in recent years many major works and 
collections have appeared on the comparative study of related and unrelated 
languages (Russian and Uzbek, Russian and Turkic languages, German and 
Uzbek, English and Azerbaijani, etc.). English and Uzbek languages in a 
comparative typological aspect, which are of great relevance, both in theoretical 
and practical terms. A number of valuable studies have appeared on the 
comparative study of English and Uzbek languages. 
This paragraph studies the syntactic units of the Uzbek and English 
languages, which differ from each other from a typological point of view. It 
should be noted that one of the areas of modern linguistics is the study of the 
comparative method of the syntactic structures of the language. 
The analysis and comparative method of the syntactic structure of two 
languages (Uzbek and English), along with the definition of common linguistic 
features, reveals the structure and typical properties of these languages, makes it 
possible to understand the structure of a foreign language in different languages. 
In general, in modern linguistics, research in this area is expanding more 
and more. Researchers try to determine the meaning of syntactic synonymy in 
all sorts of ways. 
Among the main parameters are taken a diverse structure, functional 
commonality, commonality of grammatical meaning, lexical and mental 
commonality,inter-situational relations, complex significative community, 
similarity of syntactic meanings, choice of method and approach (method 
difference). Etc
21
. 
21
Agayeva U. Syntactic-semantic analysis of sentence equivalents (based on materials from English and Azerbaijani 
languages). – 2010.

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In most studies, functional and grammatical commonality is considered 
the main parameter for syntactic synonyms.
22
. 
Speech is the smallest part of speech. Words, phrases, form grammar, word 
order and intonation are an integral part of sentence structure. In the process of 
speech, words are related to each other on the basis of grammatical features 
characteristic of this language. A word consists of two or more words with 
independent meanings, both grammatical and also a unit with semantic 
integrity. 
For example: 
The two men walked in silence (A. Cronin) this sentence has the following 
phrases: 
1) the two men, 
2) walked in silence. 
The phrase can appear in different places in the sentence: 
1. The two men walked in silence: 
2. We have seen the two men walking in silence. 
Auxiliary words are considered an element together with an independent 
word. Preposition + from a type connection, for example, in the evening, at 
night, on time, for a while, etc. The word Combination does not count: as soon 
as, before, before, on behalf of, in order, in accordance with and similar 
constructions are not valid, because that they are prepositions and act as binders. 
Phrases can be free and stable. In a free phrase, the combination of words 
is free. The meaning of free phrases coincides with the meaning of the 
components, and there is dominance between the components. 
22
Blokh MY Theoretical English Grammar / MY Blokh. – Moscow, 2010. 

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The value of the regular expression is the same as that of the word, there is 
no subordination. 
Regular expressions are used in phraseology. 
Regular expression example: 
to take a fancy - qiziqib ko'rmoq! 
to put up with - chidamoq! 
endure-endurance! 
out of the blue - tomdan tarasha tushgandek. 
There is a big difference between a phrase and a sentence. The fact that a 
verbal unit performs the function of a nomenclature is close to a word and does 
not form a communicative unit, since it does not have such intonation 
completeness as a sentence. 
The reasons for the existence and functioning of impersonal constructions 
in the systems of various languages have long been the subject of disputes 
among syntaxists, linguocognitologists and linguoculturologists. Especially a lot 
has been said and written about the Russians' predilection for subjectless and 
impersonal ways of expressing various typical meanings. 
Faced with the diversity of Uzbek syntactic constructions that do not have 
direct equivalents in many other languages, scientists, mostly foreign ones, tend 
to look for the causes of this phenomenon not so much in the system of the 
language itself, but in various extralinguistic factors: specific cultural traditions, 
the originality of the mentality of the Russian people, etc. .P. In this feature, the 
grammarians of the Russian language see both fatalism, and irrationality, and 
illogicality, and fear of the unknown, and even the agnosticism of the Russian 
people. In the absence of generally accepted conceptual approaches and 
methods for considering relevant facts, the main danger that awaits researchers 

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of syntax in the context of ethnic culture, and culturologists, is the danger of 
ideologization and politicization.
23
. Unfortunately, this is exactly what we have 
seen in the last decade. 
Looking at the Uzbek language as if through the “embrasure” of 
syntactically and morphologically meager English, he sees in the impersonality 
a certain “uncontrollability and irrationality” of the Russian mentality, the 
“general patient orientation” of the Uzbek syntax, which supposedly is a 
consequence of the view of the world as a set of events that are not amenable to 
any human control, nor human understanding
24
. For a reasoned criticism of this 
point of view from various theoretical positions, see
25
. 
Domestic linguists have recently also repeatedly addressed this 
problem.
26
. 
Z.K. Tarlanov, comparing Uzbek and English sentences like: 
So`vuq - It is cold; 
Qayd qilaman - I am sick, saw in the development of Uzbek impersonal 
sentences a progressive trend towards objectification of content due to the 
structural development of Russian syntax, a trend that is not characteristic of 
modern English
27
. 
One of the explanations for this syntactic phenomenon of the Uzbek 
language may be the collectivism of the mentality of its speakers, the desire not 
23
Tarlanov ZK Selected works on linguistics and philology. - Izd. PetrGU, 2005.
24
Kubryakova E.S. Language and knowledge: On the way to gaining knowledge about language: Parts of speech 
from a cognitive point of view. The role of language in the knowledge of the world. M., 2004 
25
Zolotova G. A. Grammar as a science about a person // Russian language in scientific coverage. - 2001. - T. 1. - 
No. 1. - S. 107.
26
Kolesov V.V. and others. Dictionary of Russian mentality. - Russian Foundation for Basic Research, 1998. - no. 
97-06-80087.
27
Mendzheritskaya E. O. Cognitive syntax of the modern English language: the subject and principles of analysis // 
Bulletin of the Samara State University. - 2009. - no. 73. - S. 219-225.

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to present oneself as an active acting individual, the desire to relieve oneself of 
responsibility for what is happening. In cases where impersonal syntactic 
models are used in Uzbek, personal forms take place in English: 
Men o`ylashimcha - I think; 
Qorin ochidi-ya - I am hungry; 
Uyqik kelmayapti - I don't feel like sleeping. 
From this it is concluded that in the English language a person takes on 
both the action and responsibility for it, while in the Uzbek language both 
actions and responsibility are impersonal, the individual is dissolved in the 
team, in nature, in the elements, in unknown, unmarked forces [ Ter-Minasova 
2003: 528-529]. 
Such conclusions are undoubtedly based on a linguo-cognitive analysis of 
specific linguistic facts, but some generalizations seem to us not applicable to 
all types of Russian impersonal statements. Sometimes the reasons for such an 
organization of sentences should be sought in the grammatical features of the 
Russian language, arising from its typological characteristics as a predominantly 
inflectional and synthetic language. 
The use of some types of Russian impersonal sentences is determined by 
the specifics of the categorical-grammatical meanings expressed only by them. 
However, in other cases, the impersonality of constructions is of a formal 
grammatical nature, since their “depersonalization” is not accompanied by a 
corresponding semantic shift compared to personal ones. Consequently, in the 
modern Russian language, personality / impersonality acts as a polyfunctional 
opposition of grammatical forms, which largely determines the originality of the 
structure of a simple sentence. 

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