In the mechanism of complication, the fundamental tendency of the

Structural approach
studies the structure of sentences. Its result is the 
selection of structural schemes, according to which units of different syntactic 
levels are built in speech, for example, a noun. + adjective. 
Structural diagrams include those elements that reflect the logical structure 
of thought. It is expressed in the form of members of the sentence - main and 
secondary. 
As a result of the development of the structural aspect, a number of areas in 
linguistics have appeared: constructive syntax, structural syntax, passive syntax, 
etc. The task of constructive syntax is to cover all structural schemes, describe 
their components, taking into account semantic and functional features, specify 
the conditions for filling structural schemes with lexical material . 
Structural approach
had a huge impact on the development of syntax: his 
merit was that both grammatical forms and relations between units, the means 
of grammatical design of structural components in a sentence, became the 
reality of the language. 
The structural approach is closely related to the logical approach. It is 
based on philosophical views and proceeds from the classical correlation of 
language and thinking. The logical approach uses the concept of the binary 
nature of thought, the form of representation of which is a sentence. The thought 
finds its expression in the language in terms of logic - S-P, which are 
synonymous with the terms "person, object of thought, speaking the predicate." 

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Language ways of ordering knowledge are diverse and undergo constant 
changes and evolution of scientific views. The emergence of the field concept of 
language has opened up new horizons and prospects for research for linguists. 
The functional-cognitive approach is the most effective in studying the 
syntax of foreign language fiction. Within the framework of this approach, 
students study and master cognitive models for describing fragments of reality 
that are characteristic of the native speaker of the language being studied. 
With the functional-cognitive approach, the central unit of grammar to be 
mastered by students in the first place, of course, is the syntactic model, on the 
basis of which a simple sentence is built. The statement allows you to express a 
thought, that is, to report something about the objects of reality, because it is a 
simple sentence that combines lexical units into a meaningful whole.
12
. 
At present, the functional-semantic approach not only retains its important 
positions in linguistics, but also continues to receive new understanding. The 
methodological value of the field concept of language, in our opinion, lies in the 
systematization of multi-level language units in action; in other words, it is not a 
frozen theoretical model that is being investigated, but a living language. The 
desire of scientists to study linguistic phenomena from the point of view of their 
functioning in real speech was the reason for the emergence of the approach we 
are describing. 
For example, the system contains indications of the syntactic role, or 
function, of each individual form; so, for the English ending -s, on the one hand, 
“plural of nouns” is given, and on the other, “3rd person singular of the present 
tense of verbs”. Each of these indications includes two or more elements: "part 
12
Dik SC Functional Grammar Amsterdam: North Holland, 1979. - 56 p. 

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of speech" or class of words, singular or plural, third person, and finally the 
present tense. 
In English such indications consist of relatively few elements, but if we 
turn to Latin, we find that everything is much more complicated there. From the 
point of view of syntax, it is not only possible, but quite natural, to consider 
these elements in isolation and combine all nouns, all verbs, all forms of the 
singular, all forms of the genitive case, all forms of the subjunctive mood, all 
forms of the 1st person, etc. e. Thus, we get a number of isolated syntactic 
concepts
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. 
Nouns, adjectives, verbs, pronouns, etc., taken together, form a system of