The shadow economy

Figure 1. Average size of the shadow economy of 162 countries, 1999-2007.
162 ta davlatda yashirin iqtisodiyotning o'rtacha hajmi, 1999-2007 yillar

Source: Schneider et al. (2010)


Table 7. Average size of informal/shadow economy weighted by total GDP of 2005.
2005 yildagi yalpi ichki mahsulotga nisbatan norasmiy/soya iqtisodiyotining o'rtacha hajmi

	Region	Mean	Median	Min	Max	Standard deviation
EAP	East Asia and Pacific	17.5	12.7	12.7	50.6	10.6
ECA	Europe and Central Asia	36.4	32.6	18.1	65.8	8.4
LAC	Latin America and the Caribbean	34.7	33.8	19.3	66.1	7.9
MENA	Middle East and North Africa	27.3	32.5	18.3	37.2	7.7
OECD	High-Income OECD	13.4	11.0	8.5	28.0	5.7
OHIE	Other High- Income	20.8	19.4	12.4	33.4	4.9
SAS	South Asia	25.1	22.2	22.2	43.9	5.9
SSA	Sub-Saharan Africa	37.6	33.2	18.4	61.8	11.7
World		17.1	13.2	8.5	66.1	9.9

Source: Schneider et al. (2010)

Mean	Nazarda tutmoq
Median	median
Min	Min.
Max	Maksimal
Standard deviation	Standart og'ish

It is worth noting that, in many parts of the world, the shadow economy is more or less endemic and is often described simply as ‘informal’ rather than ‘shadow’. Such informal activity does not take place because individuals are deliberately avoiding paying taxes and avoiding abiding by regulation but because the infrastructure does not exist for the effective and efficient registration of businesses and to ensure the efficient collection of taxes. In many poorer countries, the shadow economy is not so much a problem of evasion by citizens but of an inability of people to pay taxes and register their activity even if they would wish to do so.²⁸
Qayd etish joizki, dunyoning ko‘p mamlakatlarida yashirin iqtisodiyot ko‘proq yoki kamroq endemik bo‘lib, ko‘pincha “soya” emas, balki “norasmiy” deb ta’riflanadi. Bunday norasmiy faoliyat odamlarning ataylab soliq to‘lashdan qochganligi va qonun hujjatlariga rioya qilgani uchun emas, balki tadbirkorlik sub’ektlarini samarali va samarali ro‘yxatga olish hamda soliqlarning samarali yig‘ilishini ta’minlash uchun infratuzilma mavjud emasligi sababli sodir bo‘lmoqda. Ko'pgina kambag'al mamlakatlarda yashirin iqtisodiyot fuqarolarning soliq to'lashdan bo'yin tovlash muammosi emas, balki odamlarning soliq to'lash va o'z faoliyatini ro'yxatdan o'tkazishga qodir emasligi, hatto xohlasa ham.
Figure 2. Size and development of the shadow economy for various country groups.
% of official total GDP
Turli mamlakatlar guruhlari uchun yashirin iqtisodiyotning hajmi va rivojlanishi.
Rasmiy jami YaIMning %



Source: Schneider et al. (201 0)

worldwide countries	dunyo mamlakatlari
developing countries	rivojlanayotgan davlatlar
transition countries	iqtisodiyoti o‘tish davridagi davlatlar

Informal economic activity may also be tolerated to a high degree and in some sectors, such as agriculture, not even be regarded as a policy issue. It follows from this that the policies that one might adopt to tackle the informal economy might be very different in countries where legal infrastructure is lacking compared with where the infrastructure exists but is deliberately – and illegally – ignored by those working in the shadow economy.
Norasmiy iqtisodiy faoliyatga ham ko'p jihatdan toqat qilish mumkin va qishloq xo'jaligi kabi ba'zi tarmoqlarda hatto siyosat muammosi ham hisoblanmasligi mumkin. Bundan kelib chiqadiki, norasmiy iqtisodiyotga qarshi kurashish bo'yicha qabul qilinishi mumkin bo'lgan siyosat huquqiy infratuzilma mavjud bo'lmagan, ammo yashirin iqtisodiyotda ishlayotganlar tomonidan ataylab va noqonuniy ravishda e'tiborga olinmaydigan mamlakatlar bilan solishtirganda juda farq qilishi mumkin.

There has been a general reduction in the size of the shadow economy over time. In Figure 2, the size and development of the shadow economy of various country groups through the years 1999, 2003 and 2007 are shown. These figures are averages weighted by the level of official GDP in 2005. It is clear that, for all the country groups (25 OECD countries, rr6 developing countries, 25 transition countries), there is a decrease in the size of the shadow economy. The average size of the shadow economies of the r62 countries was 34 per cent of official GDP²⁹ in 1999, and this decreased to a little over 3r per cent of official GDP in 2007 (see also Table 27 in Appendix 2). This is a decrease of almost three percentage points over nine years. The growth of the official economy with reduced unemployment and increased formal employment seems to be the most efficient means to reduce the shadow economy in many parts of the world.

Vaqt o'tishi bilan yashirin iqtisodiyot hajmining umumiy qisqarishi kuzatildi. 2-rasmda 1999, 2003 va 2007 yillarda turli mamlakatlar guruhlari uchun yashirin iqtisodiyotning hajmi va rivojlanishi ko'rsatilgan. Bu ko‘rsatkichlar 2005 yildagi rasmiy YaIM darajasining o‘rtacha og‘irlikdagi ko‘rsatkichlaridir. Ko‘rinib turibdiki, barcha mamlakatlar guruhlari (25 ta OECD davlati, 6 ta rivojlanayotgan davlat, 25 ta o‘tish davridagi iqtisodida bo‘lgan davlat) uchun yashirin iqtisodiyot hajmining qisqarishi kuzatilmoqda. . 1999 yilda 62 ta davlatda yashirin iqtisodiyotning o'rtacha hajmi rasmiy YaIMning 34% ni tashkil etgan bo'lsa, 2007 yilda u rasmiy YaIMning 3% dan sal ko'proqqa qisqardi (2-ilovadagi 27-jadvalga ham qarang). Bu to‘qqiz yil ichida deyarli uch foizga pasayish demakdir. Rasmiy iqtisodiyotni o'stirish, ishsizlikni kamaytirish va rasmiy bandlikni oshirish bilan birga, dunyoning ko'p joylarida yashirin iqtisodiyotni qisqartirishning eng samarali vositasi bo'lib ko'rinadi.