The shadow economy

Micro-study of Denmark
Hvidtfeldt et al. (2011) investigated the size and development of undeclared work in Denmark over the years 2008-10. They claim that more than half of all Danes purchase undeclared work in the course of a year. The authors obtained this Ending from an inter-view survey of 2,200 Danes conducted by the Rockwool Foundation Research Unit in 2010. According to their survey, 52 per cent of those questioned had purchased undeclared work in the previous year and had paid in cash, in kind or through the provision of return services. Their survey also showed that an additional 28 per cent of Danes would be willing to buy undeclared services, even though they had not actually done so within the previous year. In total, 80 per cent of the Danish population are potential customers for undeclared work and only 20 per cent said that they would refuse to pay for work undertaken in the shadow economy.
Hvidtfeldt va boshqalar (2011) 2008-2010 yillarda Daniyada deklaratsiya qilinmagan ishlarning hajmi va rivojlanishini o'rganib chiqdilar. Ularning ta'kidlashicha, daniyaliklarning yarmidan ko'pi yil davomida deklaratsiya qilinmagan ishlarni sotib oladi. Mualliflar bu yakunni 2010 yilda Rockwool Foundation tadqiqot bo'limi tomonidan o'tkazilgan 2200 daniyalik so'rovdan olishgan. shaklida yoki qaytarib berish xizmatlarini ko'rsatish orqali. Ularning so'rovi shuni ko'rsatdiki, daniyaliklarning yana 28 foizi, hatto o'tgan yil davomida buni qilmagan bo'lsalar ham, deklaratsiya qilinmagan xizmatlarni sotib olishga tayyor. Daniya aholisining jami 80 foizi deklaratsiya qilinmagan ish uchun potentsial mijozlardir va faqat 20 foizi yashirin iqtisodiyotda bajarilgan ishlar uchun pul to'lashdan bosh tortishini aytdi.
Table 9 shows the proportions of Danish men carrying out undeclared work in 2010 in different sectors. It can be seen that shadow economy work is particularly prevalent in certain sectors. Nearly 50 per cent have carried out undeclared work in the construction sector and a similar figure in agriculture and motor vehicle sales and repairs. On average nearly one third of Danish men carried out shadow economy work.
9-jadvalda daniyalik erkaklarning 2010 yilda turli sohalarda deklaratsiya qilinmagan ishlardagi ulushlari ko'rsatilgan. Ko'rinib turibdiki, xufiyona iqtisodiyotda ishlash alohida tarmoqlarda keng tarqalgan. Qariyb 50 foizi qurilish sohasida, xuddi shunday ko‘p qismi qishloq xo‘jaligi, avtomobil sotish va ta’mirlashda deklaratsiyadan tashqari mehnat qilgan. Daniyalik erkaklarning o'rtacha uchdan bir qismi yashirin iqtisodiyotda ishlagan.
In this study, the authors also examine undeclared work over a fifteen-year period since 1994. They come to the conclusion that Danes now do approximately as much undeclared work today as they did fifteen years ago. The latest figures from 2008-10 show that every fourth adult Dane carried out some kind of undeclared work in the course of a year, with men and younger people being more inclined to shadow economic activity than women and older people. Those involved in shadow economic activity spent around three hours per week working in the shadow sector, a figure which has also remained unchanged since 1994. The proportion of undeclared work in relation to national income has remained a little below 3 per cent throughout the period. This, of course, is a measure of shadow economic activity which excludes much of the activity discussed in earlier chapters and which relies on surveys that tend to understate the amount of shadow work. The interesting aspect of these findings, however, is not so much the level of the shadow economy in terms of the value of goods and services produced but how widespread shadow economic activity is among those working and purchasing goods and services.
Ushbu tadqiqotda mualliflar 1994 yildan beri o'n besh yil davomida deklaratsiya qilinmagan ishlarni ham ko'rib chiqadilar. Ularning xulosasiga ko'ra, daniyaliklar o'n besh yil oldin bo'lgani kabi, bugungi kunda ham deklaratsiya qilinmagan ish bilan shug'ullanadilar. 2008-2010 yillardagi soʻnggi maʼlumotlar shuni koʻrsatadiki, har toʻrtinchi daniyalik kattalar yil davomida maʼlum darajada deklaratsiya qilinmagan ishlarni bajargan, erkaklar va yoshlar ayollar va qariyalarga qaraganda yashirin iqtisodiy faoliyatga koʻproq moyil boʻlgan. Yashirin iqtisodiyot bilan shug'ullanuvchilar haftasiga uch soatga yaqin yer osti sektorida ishlashadi va bu ko'rsatkich ham 1994 yildan beri o'zgarmadi. Deklaratsiya qilinmagan mehnatning milliy daromadga nisbatan ulushi butun davr mobaynida 3% dan sal pastroqda qoldi. Bu, albatta, oldingi boblarda muhokama qilingan faoliyatning ko'p qismini istisno qiladigan va er osti ishlari miqdorini kam baholaydigan so'rovlarga tayanadigan er osti iqtisodiy faoliyat ko'rsatkichidir. Biroq, bu topilmalarning qiziq tomoni ishlab chiqarilgan mahsulot va xizmatlar qiymati bo'yicha yashirin iqtisodiyot darajasi emas, balki ishlayotgan va tovarlar va xizmatlarni sotib olganlar orasida yashirin iqtisodiy faoliyatning keng tarqalishidir.
Table 9. Proportions of men who had carried out undeclared work in the previous twelve months.
O'tgan o'n ikki oy ichida deklaratsiyasiz ishlagan erkaklar ulushi.

Sector	Percentage carrying out undeclared work
Building and construction	48
Agriculture (incl. gardening), fishing and mineral extraction	47
Motor vehicle sales and repairs	43
Energy and water supply	(38)
Manufacturing	36
Transport and telecommunications	31
Hotel and restaurant	(30)
Financial and business services	28
Public and personal services	26
Retail, wholesale and repair (excluding motor vehicles)	26
OVERALL	32

Percentage carrying out undeclared work	Tugallangan deklaratsiyalanmagan ishlarning ulushi.
Building and construction	Qurilish va qurilish
Agriculture (incl. gardening), fishing and mineral extraction	Qishloq xoʻjaligi (shu jumladan bogʻdorchilik), baliqchilik va togʻ-kon sanoati
Motor vehicle sales and repairs	Avtomobillarni sotish va ta'mirlash
Energy and water supply	Energiya va suv ta'minoti
Manufacturing	Ishlab chiqarish
Transport and telecommunications	Transport va telekommunikatsiya
Hotel and restaurant	Mehmonxona va restoran
Financial and business services	Moliyaviy va biznes xizmatlari
Public and personal services	Davlat va shaxsiy xizmatlar
Retail, wholesale and repair (excluding motor vehicles)	Chakana, ulgurji va ta'mirlash (avtomobillardan tashqari)
OVERALL	UMUMIY

The Danish survey also found wide acceptance of the shadow economy, especially for those earning relatively small amounts of money. As Tables 10 and 11 show, over 80 per cent of the population would find it acceptable for somebody to have undeclared income if they were doing undeclared work worth only £20 a week but only 27 per cent would find it acceptable if a skilled tradesman earned £5,000 a year from undeclared work.

Daniyada olib borilgan tadqiqot, shuningdek, yashirin iqtisodiyotni, ayniqsa, nisbatan oz miqdorda pul topadiganlar orasida keng qabul qilishini aniqladi. 10 va 11-jadvallardan ko'rinib turibdiki, aholining 80 foizdan ortig'i haftasiga 20 funt sterlinggacha bo'lgan deklaratsiya qilinmagan ish bilan shug'ullansa, deklaratsiya qilinmagan daromadga ega bo'lishini ma'qul deb biladi, ammo malakali mutaxassis bo'lsa, atigi 27 foizi buni maqbul deb biladi. savdogar deklaratsiya qilinmagan ishdan yiliga 5000 funt sterling ishlab olgan.