The shadow economy

V. The shadow economy labour market.

Soya mehnat bozori.

5.1. Introduction

Having examined the size, rise and fall of the shadow economy in terms of value added over time, in this chapter we now specifically look in more detail at the shadow labour market.
Vaqt o'tishi bilan qo'shilgan qiymat nuqtai nazaridan yashirin iqtisodiyotning hajmi, o'sishi va natijalarini o'rganib chiqqandan so'ng, ushbu bobda biz yashirin mehnat bozorini saqlashroq ko'rib chiqamiz.
Illicit work can take many forms. The underground use of labour may consist of a second job after (or even during) regular working hours. A second form is shadow economy work by individuals who do not participate in the official labour market. A third component is the employment of people such as illegal immigrants who are not allowed to work in the official economy. Empirical research on the shadow economy labour market is even more difficult than research on the value added in the whole shadow economy because it is difficult to determine how many hours an average shadow economy worker is actually working. Shadow economy work can involve anything from a full-time shadow economy job or self-employment without payment of taxes to a few hours of child-minding or bar work every two or three weeks. ³⁰.
Noqonuniy ish turli shakllarda bo'lishi mumkin. Mehnatdan er osti yuk tashish ish vaqtidan keyin (hatto) ishdan iborat bo'lishi mumkin. Ikkinchi shakl - bu rasmiy mehnat bozorida ishtirok etmaydigan shaxslar yashirin iqtisodiyot. Uchinchi komponent - bu rasmiy iqtisodiyotda ishlashga ruxsat berilmaganlarga muhojirlar kabi odamlarni ish bilan ta'minlash. Yashirin iqtisodiyot bo'yicha mehnat bozori bo'yicha empirik butun yashirin iqtisodiyotda qo'shilgan qiymatni o'rganishdan ko'ra qiyinroqdir, chunki yashirin iqtisodiyotda o'rtacha necha soat ishlayotganini aniqlash qiyin. Soya iqtisodidagi ishlar har ikki yoki uch haftada bir necha soatlik bolalarga qarash yoki bar ishiga qadar to'liq vaqtli yashirin iqtisodiyot yoki soliq to'lamasdan o'z-o'zini ish bilan ta'minlashni o'z ichiga olishi mumkin.

To understand the shadow labour market, it is worth asking l why people work in the shadow economy. In the official labour market, the costs that firms and individuals have to incur when hiring somebody are increased by the burden of tax and social insurance payments, as well as by regulation. In some OECD countries, these costs are greater than the wage effectively earned by the worker – providing a strong incentive to work in the shadow economy.

Soya mehnat bozorini tushunish uchun odamlar nima uchun yashirin iqtisodiyotda ishlashlari haqida so'rashga arziydi. Rasmiy mehnat bozorida firmalar va jismoniy shaxslarning kimnidir ishga yollashda koʻtarishi kerak boʻlgan xarajatlar soliqlar va ijtimoiy sugʻurta toʻlovlari yuki, shuningdek, tartibga solish orqali ortadi. Iqtisodiy hamkorlik va hamkorlik tashkilotining ba'zi mamlakatlarida bu xarajatlar ishchining amalda oladigan maoshidan oshib ketadi va yashirin iqtisodiyotda ishlash uchun kuchli rag'bat yaratadi.

Reliable and consistent information on total non-wage costs is difficult to obtain and non-wage costs can vary depending on the level of pay, benefits being received and other factors. As such, averages do not necessarily indicate the incentives that are faced by specific groups when deciding to work in the shadow economy. Nevertheless, Table 8 shows non-wage costs for a selection of OECD countries for people in the bottom half of the earnings spectrum.

Jami ish haqi bo'lmagan xarajatlar to'g'risida ishonchli va izchil ma'lumot olish qiyin va ish haqi bo'lmagan xarajatlar ish haqi darajasiga, olingan imtiyozlarga va boshqa omillarga qarab farq qilishi mumkin. Shunday qilib, o'rtacha ko'rsatkichlar yashirin iqtisodiyotda ishlashga qaror qilishda muayyan guruhlar duch keladigan rag'batlarni aks ettirmaydi. Biroq, 8-jadvalda Iqtisodiy hamkorlik va hamkorlik tashkilotining bir qator mamlakatlari uchun daromad zonasining quyi yarmidagi odamlar uchun ish haqi bo'lmagan xarajatlar ko'rsatilgan.
Table 8. Non-wage costs, selected OECD countries, for individuals in the bottom half of the earnings spectrum