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Halloween - День всех святых

Halloween, name applied to the evening of October 31, preceding the Christian feast of Hallowmas, Allhallows, or All Saints' Day. The observances connected with Halloween are thought to have originated among the ancient Druids, who believed that on that evening, Saman, the lord of the dead, called forth hosts of evil spirits. The Druids customarily lit great fires on Halloween, apparently for the purpose of warding off all these spirits. Among the ancient Celts, Halloween was the last evening of the year and was regarded as a propitious time for examining the portents of the future. The Celts also believed that the spirits of the dead revisited their earthly homes on that evening. After the Romans conquered Britain, they added to Halloween features of the Roman harvest festival held on November 1 in honor of Pomona, goddess of the fruits of trees. The Celtic tradition of lighting fires on Halloween survived until modern times in Scotland and Wales, and the concept of ghosts and witches is still common to all Halloween observances. Traces of the Roman harvest festival survive in the custom, prevalent in both the United States and Great Britain, of playing games involving fruit, such as ducking for apples in a tub of water. Of similar origin is the use of hollowed-out pumpkins carved to resemble grotesque faces and lit by candles placed inside

The Infinitive
Historically, the infinitive is a verbal noun. Hence its double nature: it

combines the features of the verb with those of the noun. It is the form of the

verb which expresses a process in general, i.e. a process that is not restricted

(i.e. concretized) by person, number, tense, and mood. Because of its generalprocess

meaning, the infinitive is treated as the head-form of the whole

paradigm of the verb. In this respect it reminds us of the nominative case of the

noun in inflected languages. From the infinitive we derive all the forms of the

verb.

The infinitive has two presentation forms: marked and unmarked. The

marked infinitive is distinguished be the grammatical word-morpheme to,

historically a preposition. Similar to other grammatical word morphemes, to

can be used to represent the corresponding construction as a whole, e.g. you

105 can read any of the books if you want to (read). It can also be separated from its notional part by a word or phrase, usually of adverbial nature, forming the socalled split infinitive, e.g. To systematically rid this town of layabouts, we must

adopt a special law. The marked infinitive is an analytic grammatical form.

The other form of the infinitive is unmarked; it is traditionally called the bare

infinitive. It is used in various analytic forms (non-modal and modal), with

verbs of physical perceptions, with the verbs let, bid, make, help (optionally),

with a few modal phrases (had better, would rather, would have, etc.), with the

relative why.
 

The Subject

The subject is the person, place, thing or idea that the sentence is about. Or, in the case of a sentence with more than one clause, it is the person, place, thing or idea that the clause is about.

Typically, a subject is followed by a verb.

[In the following examples, the subject is bold and the verb is underlined.]

• 
  Pamela sang a song at her sister's wedding.
  
  • 
    To determine the subject, ask who or what the sentence is about.
    
• 
  Before visiting the library, Stephen did considerable research on-line.
  
  • 
    To determine the subject, ask who or what is doing or being.
    
• 
  California continues to lead the nation in population growth.
  
  • 
    Ask yourself what the topic of the sentence is.
    
• 
  Once a center of activity, the theater has fallen into disrepair.
  
  • 
    To determine the subject, ignore phrases that are not connected to the subject and verb. The subject exists because it has a verb.
    
• 
  Griffin's soccer ball rolled into the street.
  
  • 
    Don't get mislead by modifiers. The BALL is the thing doing something here, not GRIFFIN or SOCCER.
    
• 
  The flavor of parsnips is unappealing to many small children.
  
  • 
    Be careful not to choose objects of prepositions as subjects. Objects cannot be subjects. This sentence is about FLAVOR not about PARSNIPS.
    
• 
  Freedom should not be taken for granted.
  
  • 
    To determine the subject, ask what or who is engaged in the action of the verb. What should not be taken for granted? FREEDOM.
    
• 
  At its best, Democracy allows every citizen access to the political process.
  
  • 
    Ask yourself what the topic of the sentence is.
    

There can be more than one subject in a sentence; more than one subject in a single independent clause

• 
  Frank and Elise decided to attend the lecture.
  

“IF” bog’lovchi tushib qolgan shart еrgash gaplar

 

 

Ba’zi hollarda еrgaSh gaplarda “if” bog’lovchisi tushib qoladi.

1. 1-Shart еrgash gapning fe’l-kesimi should modal fe’li bilan ifodalansa if bog’lovchisi tushib qolishi mumkin. Bunday hollarda should modal fe’li еgadan oldinga chiqishi mumkin.

 

If he should come I shall ask him about it.

Should he come I shall ask him about it.

 

2. 2-Shart еrgash gaplarda if bog’lovchisi:

Еrgash gapning fe’l-kesimi could, should, had, might, were, were to modal fe’li bilan ifodalansa if bog’lovchisi tushib qolishi mumkin. Bunday hollarda ham shu fe’llar oldinga  chiqadi.

 

If I were you I should go there.

Were I you I should go there.

 

If he could come I should be very glad.

Could he come I should be very glad.

 

If I had time now I should help you.

Had I time now I should help you.

 

3. 3-Shart еrgash gaplarda “If” bog’lovchi “had” ko`makchi fe’li еgadan oldinga chiqqan hollarda tushib qoladi.

If I had gone there yesterday, I would have met him.

Had I gone there yesterday, I would have met him.

 

sharti yoki natijasi ko`rsatilmagan еrgash gaplar

 

Ba’zi hollarda еrgash gaplarda gaplarning sharti, holati ko`rsatilmay o`tadi va faqat nazarda tutiladi.

1. Sharti ko`rsatilmagan еrgash gaplar.

Why didn’t you come yesterday? (If you had come yesterday I should have adviced you what to do).

It is a pity, you weren’t there yesterday. You would have seen everything yourself. (If you had been there yesterday).

 

2. Natijasi ko`rsatilmagan еrgash gaplar.

If I were you.

If I had known it before.

I haven’t enough money. I can’t buy a car.

(If I had enough money I could buy a car).

 

WORLD FAMOUS UNIVERSITIES

Oxford and Cambridge are the oldest, the most prestigious and privileged

universities in the UK. They have historically developed traditions in life and education.

Both universities consists of independent colleges which were founded in the

14th, 15th , 16th centuries.

Oxford and Cambridge are cities of fine architecture, represented by Norman

Gothic, Renaissance, classic and modern art. There are about 40 colleges in Oxford

and 30 in Cambridge.

The constriction of each college is connected with a name of some king or

queen of England or with some famous people of the country. Each college has its

own name symbols and traditions. Among the oldest colleges in Oxford are University

College (1249), Queen’s (1341), Magdalene (1458). The latest creation is Greene

College (1979).

The oldest colleges in Cambridge are Peterhouse (1284), Corpus Christy (1352)

and the newest college is Robinson College (1974).

Cambridge has always had a particularly high reputation in Science and

Mathematics. Oxford is famous with classical studies and the humanities.

For centuries Oxford and Cambridge were for men. Only in 1871 colleges for

women were opened. Both Oxford and Cambridge are self governing universities